• What are the 3 compositional layers into which the rocky part of the Earth (not the atmosphere or hydrosphere) is divided? What is the composition of each? Use a diagram if you wish.

2

• The Pangea of Wegener was formed essentially by the Permian (250 my ago).
• Gondwanaland included North America & Eurasia.
• Gondwanaland included South America & Australia.
• Gondwanaland included South America & India.
• Gondwanaland included North America & most of Eurasia.
• Laurasia included North America & Eurasia.
• Laurasia included South America & India.
• Laurasia included South America & Australia.
• North America was formerly part of a larger continental mass called Laurasia.
• South America was formerly part of a larger continental mass called Laurasia.
• The superocean surrounding Pangea is called Tethys.
• The superocean surrounding Pangea is called Panthalassa.
• Which of the following modern continents or subcontinents formerly were part of Gondwana?
  • A. Antarctica B. India C. South America D. Australia E. all of these
  • E. none of these
  • A. North America C. Eurasia
• Which was part of Gondwanaland during the Paleozoic?
  • A. Florida B. Ohio C. Norway D. all of these E. none of these
• What was the embayment into Pangea during the Late Paleozoic and Early Mesozoic called?
  • A. Panthalassa B. Tethys C. Iapetus D. North Atlantic E. none of these
• Name a modern continent or subcontinent that was part of Gondwana following the breakup of Pangea: _____________________________________.

3

• The present shoreline is used to reconstruct the original continent positions.
• In matching up the "edges" of two continents that were rifted apart to form an ocean basin, the edges of the continents are approximately their continental slopes, not their shorelines.
• The shapes of the continents used to reconstruct their pre-continental drift positions are based on the shoreline.
• The Rocky Mountains of North America & the Caledonian Mountains of Great Britain & Scandinavia were once a continuous mountain system that was disrupted by continental drift.
• The Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America & the Caledonian Mountains of northwestern Europe were once a continuous mountain system that has been disrupted by continental drift.
• The Appalachian Mountains of eastern North America & the Caledonian Mountains of northwestern Europe were never a continuous mountain system.
• The Rocky Mountains of North America & the Andes Mountains of South America were once a continuous mountain system that was disrupted by continental drift.
• The Glossopteris flora is found in Carboniferous & Permian strata of North America & Eurasia.
• The Glossopteris flora is found in Carboniferous & Permian strata of South America & Africa.
• Shallow-marine limestones are indicative of Temperate climates.
• The presence of glacial tillites of Permian age in India indicates that the world was much colder during the Permian than today because India currently has a subtropical to tropical climate.
• Which kind(s) of evidence listed below did Alfred Wegener use to support his hypothesis of continental drift?
  • A. apparent polar wandering B. magnetic polarity reversals
  • C. remanent magnetism D. all of these E. none of these
• Which kind(s) of evidence listed below was used by Alfred Wegener to support his hypothesis of continental drift?
  • A. apparent polar wandering B. magnetic polarity reversals
  • C. remanent magnetism D. shape of continents E. all of these
  • E. paleoclimatology E. none of these D. paleontology
• Which kind(s) of evidence listed below was not used by Alfred Wegener to support his hypothesis of continental drift?
  • A. apparent polar wandering B. magnetic polarity reversals
  • C. remanent magnetism D. all of these E. nonel of these
• Which continent below does NOT have Carboniferous/Permian strata containing the Glossopteris flora?
  • A. Africa B. South America C. North America D. both A. & B. E. none of these
• Which climate zone is indicated by coal beds?
  • A. Tropical B. Desert C. Temperate D. Polar E. both A. & C.
• Which climate zone is indicated by coal beds containing fossil trees without rings?
  • A. Tropical B. Desert C. Temperate D. Polar E. both A. & C.
• Which climate zone is indicated by shallow-marine limestones?
  • A. Tropical B. Desert C. Temperate D. Polar E. both A. & C.
• What does the occurrence in Great Britain of thick Devonian sandstones containing large-scale cross bedding & frosted quartz sand grains tell scientists about the paleoclimate of Great Britain in the Devonian?
• What does the occurrence in Great Britain & Germany of thick Permian evaporite deposits tell scientists about the paleoclimate of Great Britain & Germany in the Permian?
  • A. That it was extremely dry, i.e., a desert. B. That it was moist & hot, i.e., tropical.
  • C. That it was moist & seasonally cool, i.e., temperate.
  • D. all of these. E. none of these.
• Which statement(s) below based on the occurrence of Ordovician tillites in the Sahara Desert is not true?
  • A. Africa was located at one of the Earth's poles in the Ordovician. D. Both B. & C.
  • B. The Earth was a lot colder during the Ordovician. E. none of these
  • C. Tillites must indicate desert conditions.
• Coal containing fossil trees WITH growth rings indicates the ________________________________ climate zone.
• Coal containing fossil trees WITHOUT growth rings are indicative of the __________________________________ climate zone
• Name a modern continent or subcontinent where the Glossopteris flora occurs in Carboniferous & Permian strata: _____________________________________.
• Name a modern continent or subcontinent that was part of Gondwana following the breakup of Pangea: _____________________________________.
• Shallow-marine limestones indicate deposition in the ______________________________________ climate zone.
• Fill in the Blank: In the blanks provided on the right, fill in the sedimentary deposits that would characterize the indicated climatic zones.
• Fill in the Blank: In the diagram below, fill in the blank with the sedimentary rock type that is an indicator of the designated climate zone.
• Matching: Match a sedimentary deposit on the left with the climate zone on the right characterized by that sedimentary deposit. Items on the right may be used more than once.
  • coal - trees with growth rings A. Tropical C. Polar
  • shallow-marine limestones B. Temperate D. Deserts
  • tillites
  • coal - trees without growth rings A. Tropical C. Polar
  • shallow-marine limestones B. Temperate D. Deserts
  • sand dunes

4

• Igneous rocks acquire remanent magnetism when they cool below ~600 degrees C.
• Igneous rocks acquire remanent magnetism when they are heated above ~600 degrees C.
• Igneous rocks acquire remanent magnetism when they are cooled below ~600 degrees C.
• The North Magnetic Pole appears to lie in the equatorial Pacific Ocean according to remanent magnetism in Cambrian age rocks of North America & Great Britain.
• The North Magnetic Pole appears to lie in its present position according to remanent magnetism in Cambrian age rocks of North America & Great Britain.
• The North Magnetic Pole appears to lie in the Pacific Ocean south of Hawaii according to remanent magnetism in Cambrian-aged rocks of Great Britain.
• The North Magnetic Pole appears to lie in the Arctic Ocean north of Greenland according to remanent magnetism in Cambrian-aged rocks of Great Britain.
• The North Magnetic Pole appears to lie in the Pacific Ocean east of the Philippines according to remanent magnetism in Cambrian-aged rocks of North America.
• The North Magnetic Pole appears to lie in the Pacific Ocean south of Hawaii according to remanent magnetism in Cambrian-aged rocks of North America.
• The North Magnetic Pole as recorded by remnant magnetism in rocks of North America appears to coincide with the geographic North Pole (that is the rotational axis) during the Phanerozoic.
• The North Magnetic Pole appears to lie in the Arctic Ocean north of Greenland according to remanent magnetism in Cambrian-aged rocks of Great Britain.
• The North Magnetic Pole appears to lie in the Arctic Ocean north of Greenland according to remanent magnetism in Cambrian-aged rocks of North America.
• Paleomagnetic data indicates that Britain was rotated 90 degrees from its present orientation & was located in the tropics during the Cambrian.
• Where was England located 300 million years ago?
  • A. at the North Pole B. at the South Pole C. at the Equator
  • D. in its present location E. none of these
• Where does the North Magnetic Pole appear to lie in Cambrian rocks of North America?
  • A. at the present South Pole B. at the present North Pole
  • C. in the present Equatorial Atlantic Ocean D. in the present Equatorial Pacific Ocean
  • E. in the present Equatorial Indian Ocean
• Which of the following statements about the Earth's magnetic field is true?
• Which of the following statements about the Earth's magnetic field is not true?
  • A. The Earth's magnetic field never reverses its polarity.
  • B. A compass needle suspended from a string would point straight down or up at the Equator.
  • C. A compass needle suspended from a string would point straight down or up at the North Pole.
  • B. A compass needle suspended from a string would be horizontal at the Equator.
  • C. A compass needle suspended from a string would be horizontal at the North Pole.
  • D. all of these. E. none of these.
• Which applies to the Curie Temperature?
  • A. It is the temperature below which Argon is retained in metamorphic rocks.
  • B. It is the temperature below which remnant magnetism is locked into igneous rocks.
  • C. It is generally about 600 degrees C. D. all of these E. both b. and c.

5

• During the 1950's, paleomagneticians established that the Earth's magnetic poles reverse polarity periodically.
• During the 1960's, paleomagnetists developed a time scale based on apparent polar wandering.
• During the 1960's, paleomagnetists developed a time scale based on the concept indicated on my shirt.
• That the magnetic poles reverse polarity periodically is known as Apparent Polar Wandering/Magnetic Polarity Reversals.
• Magnetic polarity EVENTS are relatively long (~1 m.y.) & are found in widely distributed volcanic rocks exposed on the continents.
• Magnetic polarity EPOCHS are relatively short (~100 ky) & are found in volcanic rocks exposed in only 1 or 2 places on the continents.
• The Olduvai Magnetic Polarity Event occurs within the Matuyama Magnetic Polarity Epoch.
• The Jaramillo Magnetic Polarity EVENT lasted more than 1,000,000 years.
• The Matuyama Magnetic Polarity EPOCH lasted less than 100,000 years.
• The Matuyama Magnetic Polarity EPOCH lasted more than 1,000,000 years.
• The Gilbert Magnetic Polarity EPOCH lasted about 100,000 years.
• The Olduvai Magnetic Polarity EVENT lasted about 100,000 years.
• Magnetic Polarity EVENTS last about 1,000,000 years.
• Which of the following is NOT a Magnetic Polarity Epoch/Event?
• Which of the following is a Magnetic Polarity Event/Epoch?
  • A. Jaramillo B. Olduvai C. Mammoth D. all of these E. none of these
  • B. Bruhnes B. Gauss C. Matuyama
• Which is a Magnetic Polarity Event?
  • A. Gauss B. Bruhnes C. Olduvai D. all of these E. none of these
• Which of the following is not a Magnetic Polarity Epoch?
  • A. Gauss B. Jaramillo C. Matuyama D. Bruhnes E. none of these
• Which of the following is the most recent magnetic polarity EPOCH?
  • A. Brunhes B. Matuyama C. Gauss D. Gilbert E. Jaramillo
• Which of the following is the most oldest magnetic polarity EPOCH?
  • A. Brunhes B. Matuyama C. Gauss D. Gilbert E. Jaramillo
• Magnetic polarity EPOCHS are approximately __________________ long.
  • A. 100 my B. 50my C. 10my D. 1my E. 100 ky
• Which of the following statements about the Brunhes Magnetic Polarity Epoch is true?
  • A. The Brunhes Magnetic Polarity Epoch is the most recent (youngest) magnetic polarity epoch.
  • B. The Brunhes Magnetic Polarity Epoch extends from ~700,000 years ago to the present.
  • C. The polarity of the Earth's magnetic field was reversed during the Brunhes Magnetic Polarity Epoch.
  • D. both A. & B. E. all of these.
• Relatively long (~1 my) intervals of magnetic polarity are called ________________________________.
• Relatively short (~100 ky) intervals of magnetic polarity are called ______________________________.
• The Matuyama Magnetic Polarity EPOCH lasted at least ___________________________________ years.
• Give the name of a magnetic polarity EPOCH - ____________________________________________________.

6

• J. Tuzo Wilson is generally credited with proposing the concept of Seafloor Spreading.
• Magnetic anomaly stripes observed parallel to Mid-Ocean Ridge crests are the result of varying amounts of magnetite mineral grains in the basalt comprising the seafloor.
• Magnetic anomaly stripes observed parallel to Mid-Ocean Ridge crests are the result of periodic reversals of the Earth's magnetic field recorded by the basalt comprising the seafloor.
• Magnetic anomaly stripes observed parallel to Mid-Ocean Ridge crests are the result of varying magnetic polarity in the basalt comprising the seafloor.
• The age of magnetic polarity reversals older than the Gilbert Epoch is based in part on the age of the oldest sediment recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project overlying oceanic crust recording particular reversals.
• The age of magnetic polarity reversals younger than the Gilbert Epoch is based in part on the age of the oldest sediment recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project overlying oceanic crust recording particular reversals.
• The oldest seafloor is 3.8 billion years old.
• The age of magnetic polarity reversals younger than the Gilbert Epoch is based on the age of the oldest sediment recovered by the Deep Sea Drilling Project overlying oceanic crust recording particular reversals.
• The oldest seafloor is about 200 my old.
• The oldest seafloor is 3.8 billion years old.
• The oldest seafloor in the Pacific Ocean is 3.8 billion years old.
• Who revived the idea that thermal convection in the Earth's mantle was the mechanism by which continental drift occurs (& incidentally explained why the oceans are so much younger than the continents)?
  • A. Harry Hess B. Drummond Matthews C. Fred Vine D. both B. & C. E. none of these
• Who recognized that marine magnetic anomalies resulted from seafloor spreading combined with magnetic polarity reversals?
  • A. Fred Vine B. J. Tuzo Wilson C. Harry Hess D. Lynn Sykes E. none of these
• Seafloor spreading rates along the present Mid-Ocean Ridge vary from _______ to ______.
• Seafloor spreading rates along the present Mid-Ocean Ridge vary from _______ to ______.
  • A. ~1 cm/year, ~17 cm/year B. ~1 cm/thousand years, ~17 cm/thousand years
  • C. ~1 cm/million years, ~17 cm/million years D. ~1 mm/year, ~17 mm/year
  • E. ~1 km/million years, ~17 km/million years
  • B. ~1 km/thousand years, ~17 km/thousand years
  • D. ~1 mm/million years, ~17 mm/million years
  • A. <1 km/yr, >17 km/yr
  • E. none of these
  • C. <10 km/m.y., >170 km/m.y.
• The oldest oceanic crust is _______ years old.
• The oldest continental crust is _______ years old.
  • A. 3.8 billion B. 3800 million C. 570 million D. 190 million E. 4.5 million
  • A. 4.5 billion B. 3.8 billion C. 2.5 billion D. 570 million E. 190 million
  • A 10 m.y. B. 38 m.y. C. 100 m.y. D. ~200 m.y. E. 3800 m.y.
  • A. Crypotozoic B. Archean C. 3800 m.y. D. all of these E. none of these
  • A. Mesozoic B. Jurassic C. ~200 m.y. D. all of these E. none of these
• The oldest seafloor in the Atlantic Ocean:
  • A. is located in the south Atlantic Ocean (off eastern South America & southwest Africa).
  • B. is about 135 my old. C. formed during the Early Cretaceous.
  • D. all of these. E. none of these.
• How old is the oldest seafloor?
  • A. ~10 m.y. B. ~100 m.y. C. ~200 m.y. D. ~500 m.y. E. ~3800 m.y.
  • A. 8-10 m.y. B. 80-100 m.y. C. 180-200 m.y. D. 480-500 m.y. E. ~3800 m.y.
• How old is the oldest continental crust?
  • A. ~10 m.y. B. ~100 m.y. C. ~200 m.y. D. ~500 m.y. E. ~3800 m.y.
• Seafloor spreading was first confirmed by the Deep Sea Drilling Project in the _____________ Ocean.
  • A. Pacific B. South Atlantic C. Indian D. both A. & C. E. none of these
• Seafloor spreading rates vary from _______ to ______ centimeters/year along the present MOR.
• The oldest oceanic crust is about ______________ years old.
• The oldest seafloor in the Atlantic & Pacific Ocean is ___________ years old.

7

• The plates of the Earth consist of:
  • A. lithosphere B. aesthenosphere C. mesosphere D. all of these. E. none of these
• Which of the following is not a major plate?
  • A. Pacific B. Caribbean C. North American D. all of these. E. none of these
• Which of the following is a major plate?
  • A. North American B. African C. Pacific D. all of these. E. none of these
  • B. Indian-Australian
• Which plate listed below consists almost entirely of oceanic lithosphere?
  • A. Antarctic B. Pacific C. Eurasian D. African E. none of these
• Which plate listed below is nearly surrounded by the Mid-Ocean Ridge?
  • A. Antarctic B. Pacific C. Eurasian D. both B. & C. E. none of these
• The plates of the Earth consist of _____________________________________.
• The _______________________________ plate is a major plate that consists almost entirely of continental lithosphere.
• The _______________________________ plate is a major plate that consists almost entirely of oceanic lithosphere.
• The _______________________________ plate is a minor plate that consists almost entirely of oceanic lithosphere.
• Give the name of a MAJOR plate - _____________________________________________________________.

8

• Deep earthquakes occur at all 3 types of plate boundaries.
• Deep earthquakes occur only at convervgent plate boundaries.
• Deep earthquakes are associated with lateral plate boundaries.
• Deep sea trenches are associated with convergent plate boundaries.
• Deep earthquakes are associated with divergent plate boundaries.
• Divergent plate motion is associated with basaltic volcanism & shallow earthquakes.
• Andesitic volcanism is associated only with lateral plate boundaries.
• Deep seismicity & explosive igneous activity (granite plutonism & andesitic volcanism) occur at all 3 kinds of plate boundaries.
• Which SEAFLOOR feature is associated with divergent plate boundaries?
  • A. deep-sea trench B. Mid-Ocean Ridge C. continental rifts D. both B. & C. E. none of these
• Which SEAFLOOR feature is associated with convergent plate boundaries?
  • A. deep-sea trench B. Mid-Ocean Ridge C. continental rifts D. both B. & C. E. none of these
• Which feature is associated with convergent plate boundaries?
  • A. Mid-Ocean Ridge B. continental rifts C. both A. & B. D. transform faults E. deep-sea trench
• Shallow earthquakes are associated with _______ plate boundaries.
• Deep earthquakes are associated only with _______ plate boundaries.
  • A divergent B. convergent C. lateral D. all of these E. none of these
• What is the maximum depth to which earthquakes occur?
  • A. 70 km B. 300 km C. 700 km D. 2900 km E. 6400 km
  • A. 10 km
• What is the maximum depth to which shallow earthquakes occur?
  • A. 70 km B. 300 km C. 700 km D. 2900 km E. 6400 km
• _______________ is associated only with convergent plate boundaries.
  • A. Deep earthquakes B. Andesitic volcanism C. Granitic plutonism D. all of these E. none of these
  • A. Deep earthquakes B. Basaltic volcanism C. Gabbroic plutonism D. all of these E. none of these
  • D. both B. & C
• _______________ is associated with lateral plate boundaries.
  • A. Basaltic volcanism B. Andesitic volcanism C. Granitic plutonism D. both B. & C. E. no volcanism
• _______________ is associated with divergent plate boundaries.
  • A. Basaltic volcanism B. Andesitic volcanism C. Granitic plutonism D. both B. & C. E. no volcanism
• _______________ is associated only with divergent plate boundaries.
  • A. Basaltic volcanism B. Deep earthquakes C. Granitic plutonism
  • D. all of these E. none of these
• ________________________________ plate motion is associated with andesitic volcanism, granitic plutonism & deep earthquakes.
• Matching: Match the seafloor features and products of volcanism listed on the left with the type of plate boundary listed on the right with which they are most closely associated. Each item on the right may be used more than once.
  • Deep-sea trench A. Lateral
  • Mid-Ocean Ridge B. Divergent
  • Fracture zones C. Convergent
  • Basalt
  • Andesite

9

• The direction of motion on a transform fault offsetting two segments of the rift valley along the crest of the Mid-Ocean Ridge is exactly opposite what would be predicted assuming the transform was a transcurrent fault.
• The direction of motion on a transform fault offsetting two segments of the rift valley along the crest of the Mid-Ocean Ridge is exactly the same as would be predicted assuming the transform was a transcurrent fault.
• The San Andreas Fault is a:
  • A. transform fault B. strike-slip fault
  • C. lateral plate boundary D. all of these E. none of these
• __________________________________ Faults were proposed by J. Tuzo Wilson & documented by Lynn Sykes.
• The direction of motion on a transform fault offsetting two segments of the rift valley along the crest of the Mid-Ocean Ridge is exactly ( opposite / the same ) [circle one] what would be predicted assuming the transform was a transcurrent fault.

10

• The New Madrid seismic zone is an example of earthquake activity not at a plate boundary.
• Iceland has formed over a mantle hotspot located on the Mid-Ocean Ridge.
• Hotspots occur only in the interiors of plates.
• Hotspots occur only at plate boundaries.
• Hotspots occur only at the edges of plates.
• The islands of Hawaii & Iceland have formed over mantle hotspots.
• The East Pacific Rise is not moving relative to the Hawaiian hot spot.
• The Hawaiian hotspot occurs in the interior of the ________ plate.
  • A. Pacific B. North American C. Indo-Australian D. Eurasian E. Nasca
• The island of Tonga is located where two plates are ___________ each other.
• The island of Iceland is located where two plates are ___________ each other.
  • A. moving away from B. moving toward C. sliding past D. both A. & B. E. none of these
• Which island listed below is associated with a mantle hotspot?
  • A. Japan B. Hawaii C. Iceland D. both B. & C. E. none of these
• Which island listed below is NOT associated with a mantle hotspot?
  • A. Iceland B. Hawaii C. both A. & B. D. Japan E. none of these
• Which island listed below is associated with a subduction zone?
  • A. Japan B. Hawaii C. Iceland D. both B. & C. E. none of these

11

• Seafloor spreading rates are fast in the Pacific Ocean because the Pacific Plate is being pulled down into the mantle along all of the trenches in the western Pacific, in addition to the convection forcing the plates apart at the East Pacific Rise.
• Seafloor spreading rates are relatively slow in the Atlantic Ocean because the North American, South American, Eurasian & African Plates are only separating due to mantle convection forcing the plates apart.
• Old oceanic lithosphere actually sinks into the aesthenosphere, pulling the rest of a plate along with it.
• Old continental lithosphere actually sinks into the aesthenosphere, pulling the rest of a plate along with it.
• Which of the following is a major plate that has fast spreading rates (>17 cm/yr) along its divergent plate boundary due to slab pull and ridge push?
• Which of the following is a minor plate that has fast spreading rates (>17 cm/yr) along its divergent plate boundary due to slab pull and ridge push?
• Which of the following is a major plate that has slow spreading rates (~3-5 cm/yr) along its divergent plate boundary due to ridge push alone?
• Which of the following is a major plate that has slow spreading rates (~1-6 cm/yr) along its divergent plate boundary due to ridge push alone?
  • A. Pacific B. South American C. Nasca D. all of these E. none of these
  • A. African B. North American C. Eurasian D. all of these E. none of these
  • A. North American B. South American C. Pacific D. all of these E. none of these
• Which plate has fast spreading rates due to slab pull?
  • A. North American B. Indian-Australian C. Pacific D. all of these E. none of these

12

• Ophiolite suites are small slivers of oceanic crust incorporated along the suture zone of a collisional mountain system.
• Ophiolite suites are small slivers of continental crust found in ocean basins.
• Which of the following mountain ranges is the result of a continental collision?
  • C. Alps E. both B. & C.
  • A. Rockies B. Himalayas C. Andes D. all of these E. none of these

13

• Maximum diversity of organisms corresponds with minimum dispersion of continents during a Wilson Cycle.
• Which of the following is true of WILSON CYCLES?
  • A. Continents alternately consolidate into large supercontinents or disperse into several continental masses.
  • B. Life is less diverse during the dispersal phase of a Wilson Cycle.
  • C. Life is relatively diverse during the consolidation phase of a Wilson Cycle.
  • D. both B. & C. E. none of these
• The __________________________ Cycle states that continents alternately consolidate into large supercontinents or disperse into several continental masses.

14

• Matching: Match the scientists listed on the left with the contribution that they made to the advancement of continental drift, seafloor spreading or plate tectonics listed on the right. Items on the right will be used only once.
  • Harry Hess A. first to assemble diverse data supporting continental drift in 1912
  • Fred Vine B. proposed the concept of seafloor spreading in 1962
  • Alfred Wegener C. proposed the existence of transform faults as different than transcurrent faults
  • J. Tuzo Wilson D. recognized that marine magnetic anomalies can be explained in terms of seafloorspreading in combination with reversals of the Earth's magnetic field
• Matching: Match the principle or concept on the left with the person on the right who developed the principle or concept, or who persuasively argued in favor of the principle or concept. An item on the right MAY be used more than once, but not all items on the right will be used.
  • Biological Classification System A. Georges Buffon J. Nicolaus Steno
  • Continental Drift B. George Cuvier K. Fred Vine
  • Genetics C. Charles Darwin L. Alfred Wegener
  • Explained Marine Magnetic Anomalies D. Harry Hess M. Abraham Werner
  • Natural Selection E. James Hutton N. J. Tuzo Wilson
  • Original Horizontality F. Carolus Linnaeus O. Both E. & G.
  • Plutonism G. Charles Lyell P. Both H. & K.
  • Seafloor Spreading H. Drummond Matthews
  • Transform Faults I. Gregor Mendel
  • Catastrophism K. J. Tuzo Wilson
  • Uniformitarianism H. Fred Vine
  • Neptunism

15

Short Answers: Briefly answer the following questions.

• What 4 types of evidence did Alfred Wegener cite in support of Continental Drift?
• What is the difference between a paleomagnetic reversal EPOCH & a paleomagnetic reversal EVENT? Give the name of a paleomagnetic reversal epoch & of a paleomagnetic reversal event from the paleomagnetic reversal time scale for the last 4 my.
• Give the name of 5 major lithospheric plates.
• What are the 3 types of plate boundaries? Give the seafloor feature, depth of earthquakes & type of volcanism associated with one of them.
• What is a "Wilson Cycle" & what is its effect on evolution?
  
  
  
  

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