1

• Shells, bones & teeth are examples of trace fossils.
• Fossils & trace fossils are very useful in determining environments of deposition.
• Trace fossils.are NOT useful for deducing environments of deposition.
• Trace fossils.are useful for deducing environments of deposition.
• Which of the following is an example of a trace/body fossil?
• Which of the following is not an example of a trace/body fossil?

  A. a boring B. a burrow C. a coprolite D. all of these E. noneof these B. a clam shell C. a feeding trail E. all of these A. a feeding trail B. a recrystallized snail shell C. a burrow D. a boring E. none of these A. a feeding trail B. a boring C. a bu rrow D. all of these E.none of these

• Tracks, trails, burrows & borings leave features in sediment called _______________.

  A. body fossils B. trace fossils C. casts D. molds E. none of these C. imprints

• Tracks, trails, burrows and borings leave features in sediment called ___________________ .
• Shells, bones & teeth are examples of ________________________________ fossils.

2

• The fossil record for terrestrial invertebrates without hard shells is relatively complete.
• The fossil record for birds is relatively complete.
• Marine invertebrates with shells stand the best chance of fossilization.
• Marine invertebrates with shells/Terrestrial organisms without hard parts stand the best chance of fossilization.
• Bats probably do not stand the best chance of fossilization.
• Bats probably do not stand a very good chance of fossilization.
• Which of the following probably have the best fossil record?
• Which of the following probably has the MOST complete fossil record?
• Which of the following probably have the poorest fossil record?
• Which of the following probably have the LEAST complete fossil record?

  A. horses A. marine worms B. jellyfish D. sharks A. trees C. fresh-water clams C. snails D. corals E. marine worms B. shallow-marine clams D. marine foraminifers E. freshwater fish B. Dinosaurs C. freshwater snails D. both A. & C. E. none of these A. marine worms B. marine clams C. fresh-water clams E. butterflies/bats/birds A. Birds B. Elephants C. Earthworms D. Butterflies E. Bats E. mushrooms

3

• Soft tissues are never preserved as fossils (except for the RollingStones).
• Soft tissues are sometimes preserved as fossils.
• The fossilization process whereby soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon is called permineralization.
• During carbonization, soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon.
• During permineralization, soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon.
• During permineralization, porous materials are filled with secondary minerals.
• During petrification, wood is replaced or permineralized.
• Which of the following types of fossilization is most common forsoft tissue?

  A. permineralization B. replacement C. carbonization D. recrystallization E. formation of molds

• Soft tissue is usually preserved ________________.

  A. by replacement B. by permineralization C. by carbonization D. by recrystallization E. without change

• Porous material is filled with secondary minerals during _______________.

  A. Carbonization B. Recrystallization C. Replacement D. Permineralization E. none of these

• During __________, an organism's shell is completely dissolved, leaving only a hole in the rock.

  A. permineralization B. replacement C. formation of molds D. recrystallization E. carbonization

• The feature formed when a leaf shape is pressed into mud is called:

  A. a trace fossil. B. a mold. C. carbonization. D. a cast. E. none of these

• The dissolution of a shell leaves a feature in sediment called a(n) _____________.

  A. trace fossil B. mold C. imprint D. cast E. none of these. A. body fossil

• What has happened to the fossil specimen (A) that is being passed around?

  A. It has not been altered. B. It has been calcified. C. It has been pyritized. D. It been silicified. E. all of these

• The fossil specimen (B) that is being passed around is:

  A. a coprolite. B. an internal mold. C. an external mold. D. a trace fossil. E. none of these.

• The calcium phosphate of bone & teeth often may be preserved ________________.
• Aragonite transforms to calcite during ____________________________________.
• Porous material may be filled with secondary minerals during ______________.
• During ____________________________________, the original material dissolves & a new mineral (equal in volume to that dissolved) precipitates, often preserving the finest details of the original fossil.
• _________________________ is a process occurring when the original material dissolves, followed by precipitation of a new mineral, equal in volume to that dissolved, that often preserves the finest details of the original fossil.
• _________________________ is the fossilization process that often preserves the finest detail in which original material is dissolved, & a new mineral, equal in volume to that dissolved, is precipitated.
• Soft tissues are often preserved as thin films of carbon during ____________________________.
• During _______________________________, organic matter is preserved as a thin film of carbon.
• Replacement or permineralization of wood is called ____________________________.
• Matching: Match one of the descriptions on the left with the type of fossilization on the right to which that description pertains & enter it on the computer answer sheet. Two items on the right won't be used, & the other three items will be used only once.
  • hole formed by dissolution of a shell A. Original material preserved without change
  • dissolution of original material, precipitation B. Permineralization
  • of new mineral, equal in volume to that dissolved, C. Carbonization
  • often preserving the finest details of the D. Replacement
  • original fossil E. Molds
  • spore, pollen, & teeth are often preserved this way
  • fossils formed by the filling of molds A. Casts
  • opal shells that have changed over to quartz B. Petrification
  • porous materials filled with secondary minerals C. Recrystallization
  • replacement or permineralization of wood
  • soft tissues preserved as thin films of carbon
  • aragonite shells preserved as calcite fossils
• Matching: Match a description on the left with the type of fossilization on the right to which that description pertains & enter it on the computer answer sheet. Two items on the right won't be used, & the other three items will be used only once.
  • porous materials filled with secondary minerals A. Original material preserved without change
  • opal shells that have changed over to quartz B. Permineralization
  • replacement or permineralization of wood C. Petrification
  • D. Recrystallization
  • E. Replacement

4

• The most specific taxonomic division to which an organism can belong is "Kingdom."
• The most general taxonomic division to which an organism can belong is "Kingdom."
• The following is arranged from most general to most specific: Family, Order, Class.
• The following is arranged from most general to most specific: Class, Order, Family.
• Which of the following list the levels of the taxonomic heirarchy from least specific to most specific?
• Which of the following series is arranged from most specific to most general taxonomic division?
• Which of the following series is arranged from MOST GENERAL to MOST SPECIFIC taxonomic division?

  A. Genus, Family, Order B. Class, Phyllum, Kingdom C. Family, Class, Kingdom D. all of these. E. none of these. A. species, Genus, Family B. Family, Order, Class C. Class, Phylum, Kingdom D. all of these E. none of these A. Family, Genus, species B. Cl ass, Order, Family C. Kingdom, Phylum, Class D. all of these E. none of these

• Which of the following is the LEAST specific classification level of which an organism can be part?

  A. species B. Order C. Kingdom D. Division E. Phylum

• Matching: Match the human taxonomic names on the left with the appropriate taxonomic level on the right. Each item on the right will be used only once.
  • sapiens A. Kingdom
  • Hominidae B. species
  • Mammalia C. Genus
  • Animalia D. Class
  • Hom E. Family

5

• Bacteria are members of the Kingdom PROTISTA.
• Bacteria are members of the Kingdom MONERA.
• Squids, snails & clams belong to the same Phylum (Mollusca).
• Spiders, insects, shrimp & trilobites belong to the same Phylum (Arthropoda).
• Brachiopods & clams belong to different Phyla.
• Photosynthetic, multicelled eukaryotes are classified as members of the Kingdom FUNGI.
• Photosynthetic, multicelled eukaryotes are classified as members of the Kingdom ANIMALIA.
• Photosynthetic, unicellular prokaryotes are classified as members of the Kingdom PROTOCTISTA.
• All eukaryotes are placed in the Kingdom MONERA.
• All unicellular eukaryotes are placed in the Kingdom MONERA.
• All single-celled organisms are classified in the Kingdom Monera.
• In the Linnaean System name for the wolf, "Canis lupus ", lupus is the Genus.
• In the Linnaean System name for humans, "Homo sapiens ", sapiens is the Genus.
• Flowering seed plants are called angiosperms and classified in the Division Anthophyta of the Kingdom Plantae.
• From the perspective of their digestive tracts, Mick Jagger & bryozoans have more in common than do corals & bryozoans.
• From the perspective of their digestive tracts, mammals & bryozoans have more in common than do corals & bryozoans.
• Slugs (shell-less gastropods) & segmented worms are not as closely related as slugs & clams.
• Slugs (shell-less snails) & segmented worms are more closely related than slugs & clams.
• Prokaryotic bacteria and blue-green algae belong to which kingdom?

  A. Monera B. Protoctista C. Fungi D. Plantae E. Animalia

• Photosynthetic, unicellular eukaryotes are classified as members of the Kingdom _____________.

  A. Monera B. Protista C. Fungi D. Plantae E. Animalia

• Which of the plant groups listed below do NOT belong to Divisions grouped together as GYMNOSPERMS?

  A. Mosses B. Ferns C. Primitive land plants D. all of these E. none of these

• Flowering seed plants are _________________.

  A. Anthophyes (Angiosperms) B. Gymnosperms C. Pteridophytes D. Bryophytes E. none of these

• Which of the following organisms belong to the Phylum Echinodermata?

  A. sponge B. jellyfish C. brachiopod D. starfish E. birds

• Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals are members of the Phylum ______________.
• Snails, clams & squids are members of the Phylum _________________.
• Spiders, insects, shrimp & trilobites are members of the Phylum _________________.
• Starfish, sea urchins, sand dollars & crinoids belong to Phylum _____________.

  A. Porifera B. Bryozoa C. Mollusca D. Chordata E. none of these C. Arthropoda A. Echinodermata

• Humans are classified as members of the Kingdom ___________ & the Phylum ________.

  A. Animalia, Mollusca B. Plantae, Anthophyta C. Animalia, Porifera D. Protista, Protozoa E. none of these B. PLANTAE, ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA C. ANIMALIA, CHORDATA

• An organism with a nucleus is called a(n) _____________________________________.
• A one-celled organism without a nucleus is called a(n) ______________.
• A prokaryote / eukaryote (circle one) is a one-celled organism without a nucleus or internal organelles.
• A one-celled organism with a nucleus & internal organelles is called a(n) prokaryote / eukaryote (circle one).
• Organisms that lack internal organelles & membrane-bounded nucleus with chromosomes are called __________________________________.
• Unicellular eukaryotes belong to the Kingdom _______________________________.
• The Kingdom _______________________ includes prokaryotic bacteria & blue-green algae (cyanobacteria).
• Humans are classified as members of the Phylum ________________________________.
• Matching: Match the types of organisms on the left with the appropriate kingdom on the right. Each item on the right will be used only once.
  • blue-green algae A. Animalia
  • all other types of algae B. Plantae
  • trees C. Fungi
  • humans D. Protista
  • mushrooms E. Monera
• Matching: Match the animals on the left with the Phyllum on the right to which that organism belongs. Each item on the right will be used only once, although not all items on the right will be used.
  • corals A. Porifera D. Brachiopoda G. Arthropoda
  • reptiles B. Coelenterata E. Mollusca H. Echinodermata
  • earthworms C. Bryozoa F. Annelida I. Chordata
• Matching: Match the types of organisms on the left with the appropriate kingdom on the right & enter it on the computer answer sheet. One item on the right won't be used, & the other three items will be used only once.
  • multicelled, nonphotosynthetic eukaryotes A. Monera
  • unicellular (1-celled) prokaryotes (no cellular nucleus) B. Protoctista
  • multicelled, photosynthetic eukaryotes C. Fungi
  • multicelled, nonphotosynthetic decomposing eukaryotes D. Animalia
  • unicellular (1-celled) eukaryotes (with a cellular nucleus) E. Plantae
• Matching: Match the organisms on the left with the Kingdom or Phylum (the most specific group available) on the right to which that organism belongs. 12 items on the right won't be used, & the other 3 items will be used only once.
  • trilobites, scorpions A. Monera F. Bryozoa K. Chordata
  • blue-green algae B. Protoctista G. Mollusca L. Bryophyta
  • flowering seed plants C. Animalia H. Annelida M. Coniferophyta
  • D. Plantae I. Arthropoda N. Cycadophyta
  • E. Porifera J. Echinodermata O. Angiospermata
• Matching: Match the organisms on the left with the Kingdom or Phylum (the most specific group available) on the right to which that organism belongs. Each item on the right may be used more than once, and not all items on the right will be used.
  • snails A. Monera G. Bryozoa M. Chordata
  • diatoms B. Protoctista H. Brachiopoda N. Bryophyta
  • mosses C. Animalia I. Mollusca O. Coniferophyta
  • starfish D. Plantae J. Annelida P. Cycadophyta
  • reptiles E. Porifera K. Arthropoda Q. Ginkophyta
  • earthworms F. Coelenterata L. Echinodermata R. Angiospermata
  • bacteria
  • pine trees
  • sponges
  • birds
• Matching: The numbers to the left below correspond to the numbers in the trays containing fossils on the table at the front of the room. Match each number with the appropriate Kingdom, Phylum or Class listed below. Use the most specific category. E ach of the categories may be used more than once and some will not be used at all.
  • ___1. A. Protista F. Blastoidea L. Pelecypoda Q. Bryozoa
  • ___2. B. Animalia G. Crinoidea M. Gastropoda R. Porifera
  • ___3. C. Vertebrata H. Echinoidea N. Arthropoda S. Plantae
  • ___4. D. Mammalia I. Mollusca O. Brachiopoda T. Fungi
  • ___5. E. Echinodermata K. Cephalopoda P. Coelenterata U. Monera

6

• The human appendix is an example of an homologous structure.
• Horse side splints (toes) & human appendices are examples of vestigial organs.
• Bird wings & human arms are homologous structures.
• The bones in a human arm & in the fin of a whale are examples of homologous structures.
• The forelimbs of humans & dogs, the flippers of whales, and the wings of bats & birds are homologous structures.
• Tetrapod limbs (human arm, horse leg, bird & bat wings, whale flippers) are examples of homologous structures.
• Bird wings & fly wings are homologous structures.
• Whale & snake pelvises are examples of vestigial organs.
• Tetrapod limbs are examples of vestigial organs.
• The forelimbs of humans & dogs and the wings of birds & bats are examples of vestigial organs.
• Humans still retain the genes to grow tails, as indicated by the tails exhibited by human embryos during early stages of development.
• Horses still retain the genes to grow second and fourth lateral toes.
• The human appendix and whale & snake pelvic bones are examplesof homologous structures.
• Which of the following are examples of vestigial structures?

  B. whale & snake pelvic bones A. human limbs & bird wings B. cow horns & deer antlers C. ichthyosaur & dolphin dorsal fin D. all of these E. none of these A. human appendix B. snake pelvic bones C. whale pelvic bones

• Which of the following are examples of homologous structures?

  A. human limbs & bird wings B. whale fins & bat wings C. both A. & B. D. fly wings & bird wings E. all of these

• The human appendix is an example of a ____________________________ organ.
• The human appendix, whale & snake pelvic bones, and horse side splints (toes) are examples of _________________________.
• Whale & snake pelvises, human appendices, & horse toes are examples of ________________ organs.
• The forelimbs of humans & dogs and the wings of birds & bats are examples of _____________________.

7

• Alfred Russell Wallace & Charles Darwin simultaneously published papers describing Natural Selection as the mechanism by which organic evolution occurs.
• Jean B. Lamarck & Charles Darwin simultaneously published papers describing Natural Selection as the mechanism by which organic evolution occurs.
• The key concept of organic evolution that Charles Darwin provided was that heritable characteristics are transmitted from generation to generation by Genes.
• The key concept of organic evolution that Charles Darwin provided was that heritable characteristics are transmitted from generation to generation by Genes.
• Charles Darwin considered that heritable traits shown to be most useful for survival by natural selection were passed to descendants by GENES.
• Charles Darwin is generally credited with providing the key concept in the debate about organic evolution, namely that organic evolution occurs by means of Natural Selection.
• Charles Darwin stated that Natural Selection was the mechanism by which organic evolution occurs.
• Charles Darwin stated that Genes were the mechanism by which organic evolution occurs.
• Genetic recombination as the mechanism by which organic evolution occurs was the key concept of organic evolution provided by Charles Darwin.
• That most offspring do not survive to maturity has nothing to with Natural Selection.
• What was the key concept of organic evolution that Charles Darwin provided?
  • A. Heritable characteristics are transmitted from generation to generation by Genes.
  • B. Organic evolution proceeds by means of Natural Selection. D.all of these
  • C. Variability within species is introduced by Genetic Recombination. E. none of these
• What was the key concept of organic evolution that Charles Darwin provided?
  • A. Heritable characteristics are transmitted from generation to generation by Genes.
  • B. Organic evolution proceeds by means of Natural Selection. D. all of these
  • C. Variability within species is introduced by Genetic Recombination. E. none of these
• The concept of Natural Selection as the mechanism by which evolutionoccurs was developed by:

  A. Charles Darwin. B. Alfred Russell Wallace. C. Carolus Linnaeus. D. Gregor Mendel. E. both A. & B.

• Because he wrote more about it, the concept of Natural Selection as the mechanism by which evolution occurs usually credited to:

  A. Charles Darwin. B. Alfred Russell Wallace. C. Carolus Linnaeus. D. Gregor Mendel. E. both A. and B.

• Which of the following statements is true about Natural Selection?
  • A. Individuals surviving to reproduce are those that are the best fighters.
  • B. Most offspring survive to maturity. D. all of these
  • C. There is natural variation among the individuals of a species. E. none of these
• ____________________________ & Charles Darwin simultaneously published papers describing Natural Selection as the mechanism by which organic evolution occurs.
• ________________________________ as the mechanism by which organic evolution occurs was the key concept of organic evolution provided by Charles Darwin.

8

• Genes are chemical segments of adenosine diphosphate (ADP).
• Genes are chemical segments of deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA).
• Different genes are linked together into larger units called Alleles.
• Different genes expressing variations of a characteristic are called mutations.
• Different genes expressing variations of a characteristic are called alleles.
• Different genes expressing variations of a characteristic are called _________________.

  A. chromosomes B. gametes C. sperm D. eggs E. alleles

• Different genes expressing variations of a characteristic are called ________________.

9

• Two daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes of the original parent, are produced from a single parent cell during MEIOSIS.
• Two daughter cells, each containing the same number of chromosomes of the original parent, are produced from a single parent cell during MITOSIS.
• During mitosis, 4 diploid daughter cells are produced from a single parent cell.
• Four granddaughter cells (called gametes), each containing half the number of chromosomes of the original parent, are produced from a single parent cell during MITOSIS.
• Four granddaughter cells (called gametes), each containing half the number of chromosomes of the original parent, are produced from a single parent cell during MEIOSIS.
• During MEIOSIS, _______ are produced.

  A. gametes B. 4 granddaughter cells C. eggs & sperm D. both B. and C. E. all of these

• How many & what type of daughter cells are produced from a single diploid parent cell during mitosis?

  A. a single haploid B. a single diploid C. 2 haploid D. 4 diploid E. none of these

• How many & what type of daughter cells are produced from a single diploid parent cell during meiosis?

  A. 2 diploid B. 2 haploid C. 4 diploid D. 4 haploid E. none of these

• Four granddaughter cells (called gametes), each containing half the number of chromosomes of the original parent, are produced from a single parent cell during ______________.

  A. genetic recombination B. meiosis C. mitosis D. mutation E. none of these

• During MITOSIS, _______ are produced, while during MEIOSIS, _______ are produced.
  • A. 2 daughter cells genetically-identical to the parent cell; 4 granddaughter cells containing one half of the number of chromosomes of the parent cell
  • B. 4 granddaughter cells containing one half of the number of chromosomes of the parent cell; 2 daughter cells genetically-identical to the parent cell
  • C. eggs; sperm D. sperm; eggs E. none of these
• During ______________, 4 haploid daughter cells are produced from a single diploid parent cell.
• During ______________, a single diploid parent cell divides by 2 cell divisions into 4 granddaughter cells (called gametes), each containing half the number of chromosomes of the original parent cell.

10

• Variability among the individuals of sexually-reproducing organisms is introduced only by genetic recombination.
• Which of the following statements is true about Genetic Recombination?
  • A. Male & female gametes from different individuals fuse to form a fertilized egg.
  • B. Male & female gametes are produced during meiosis. D. all of these
  • C. Fertilized eggs grow into new individuals with recombined genes. E. none of these
• The genetic makeup of an individual is produced by fusion of 2 gametes during a process called ________________.

  A. genetic recombination B. meiosis C. mitosis D. mutation E. none of these

• A change in the structure of a gene or chromosome is called a mutation.
• Changes in the structure of a gene or chromosome is called:

  A. meiosis. B. mitosis. C. a mutation. D. genetic recombination. E. none of these C. fertilization.

11

• Two organisms are always of the same species if they can interbreed & produce living offspring.
• Two organisms are always of the same species if they can interbreed & produce living offspring.
• Living offspring never result from the interbreeding of 2 different species.
• Donkeys & horses do not belong to different species because they interbreed to produce living offspring.
• Donkeys & horses belong to the same species because they interbreed to produce living offspring.
• Donkeys & horses do NOT belong to the same species because, although they interbreed to produce living offspring in captivity, these offspring are sterile.
• Donkeys & horses are different species because mules (the offspring of donkey-horse unions) are sterile.
• Donkeys & horses are members of the same species because they can interbreed to produce living offspring (mules).
• There is a limited amount of gene exchange between different species.
• There is no gene exchange between different species because of geographic or reproductive barriers.
• A given species exists for an average of 5 to 10 million years.
• A given species exists for an average of 50 to 100 million years.
• A given species exists for an average of 100 to 500 million years.
• Which of the following is true for a given species?
  • A. A species is a group of individuals that are basically alike in structural characteristics.
  • B. Individuals of a species interbreed & produce fertile offspring in nature.
  • C. There is a free flow of genes within the gene pool of a species.
  • D. all of these E. none of these
• Which of the following is NOT true for a given species?
  • A. A species is a group of individuals that are basically alike in structural characteristics.
  • B. Individuals of a species interbreed & produce fertile offspring in nature.
  • C. There is a free flow of genes within the gene pool of a species.
  • D. all of these E. none of these
• Donkeys & horses belong to the same species because they interbreed to produce living offspring.
• All of the genes available to an interbreeding population (that is, all of the genes that define a species) constitute its ____________.

  A. source of mutations B. chromosome base C. gene pool D. swimming pool E. none of these

• A given species exists for an average of ________ million years.

  A. 1-2 B. 2-3 C. 3-4 D. 5-10 E. 50-100 E. none of these B. 2-3

• ______________________________ species are relatively more difficult to distinguish.
• A given species exists for an average of ___________ to ___________ million years.

12

• PHYLETIC GRADUALISM states that evolution occurs in rapid burstsfollowed by long periods of little change.
• The concept of Punctuated Equilibrium states that evolution occurs by the slow accumulation of minor changes.
• The view that organic evolution occurs as rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of little or no change is called punctuated equilibrium.
• The evolution of new species from isolation of a small population that becomes genetically distinct form its parent species is called ______________.

  A. phyletic gradualism B. allopatric speciation C. convergent evolution D. parallel evolution E. none of these B. punctuated equilibrium D. adaptive radiation. E. none of these

• The evolution of new species during rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of little change is called:

  A. phyletic gradualism. B. punctuated equilibrium. C. allopatric speciation. D. parallel evolution. E. none of these

• The view that evolution occurs as rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of little or no change is called _____________________.

  A. phyletic gradualism. B. punctuated equilibrium. C. convergent evolution. D. parallel evolution. E. none of these C. allopatric speciation. D. adaptive radiation

• The view that organic evolution occurs by the slow accumulation of minor changes is called:

  A. allopatric speciation. B. punctuated equilibrium. C. phyletic gradualism. D. adaptive radiation. E. none of these

• The observation that many species change very little in form for relatively long periods of time & then evolve rapidly into new forms supports:

  A. iterative evolution B. phyletic gradualism C. puntuated equilibrium D. convergent evolution E. none of these A. mosaic evolution E. adaptive radiation

• The evolution of new species during rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of little change is called ___________________________________.
• ______________________________ refers to evolution of a new species from isolation of a small population that becomes genetically distinct from its parent species.
• ________________________________ is the term used for.the gradual accumulation of minor changes bringing about a transition from a parent species to its descendants.
• ___________________ is the term for the evolution of new species during rapid bursts of change followed by long periods of little change.

13

• The diversification of mammals during the Cenozoic is an example of adaptive radiation.
• The diversification of mammals during the Cenozoic is an example of parallel evolution.
• The evolution during the Cenozoic of numerous species of mammals adapted to many different environments from a few species of insectivores that lived during the Mesozoic is called _______.

  A. parallel evolution B. adaptive radiation C. convergent evolution D. phyletic gradualism E. allopatric speciation

• The evolution of 13 species of finches adapted to different environments in the Galapagos Islands from a single species of finch from South America is called _____________________.

  A. parallel evolution B. adaptive radiation C. convergent evolution D. phyletic gradualism E. none of these

• The diversification of mammals during the Early Cenozoic is an example of __________.

  A. allopatric speciation B. adaptive radiation C. phyletic gradualism D. punctuated equilibrium E. none of these B. mosaic evolution

• An example of __________________ is the diversification of numerous species of mammals adapted to many different environments during the Early Cenozoic from a few species of Mesozoic insectivores.
• An example of ______________________ is the evolution in the Galapagos Islands of several species of finches adapted to many different environments from a single species of finch that lives in Ecuador.
• The evolution during the Cenozoic of numerous species of mammals adapted to many different environments from a few species of insectivores that lived during the Mesozoic is called ________________.

14

• The similar morphology developed by sharks, ichthyosaurs, & dolphins is an example of parallel evolution.
• The similar morphology developed by saber-toothed cats in both the Oligocene-Miocene & Pleistocene is an example of parallel evolution.
• The occurrence of keeled forams in the Late Cretaceous & Late Tertiary, & their absence in the Early Cretaceous & Early Tertiary is an example of iterative evolution.
• The similar morphology of Cretaceous & Neogene keeled foraminifers is an example of convergent evolution.
• The occurrence of keeled forams in the Cretaceous & Late Tertiary is an example of CONVERGENT evolution.
• The similar bivalved morphology of brachiopods & clams is an example of parallel evolution.
• Birds & bats are an example of convergent evolution.
• Brachiopods & clams are an example of convergent evolution.
• The development of saber-like canines by creodonts (ancestral placental cats) in North America & by marsupial cats in South America during the Oligocene-Miocene is an example of adaptive radiation.
• Similar morphology developed by closely-related groups is called __________________.

  A. allopatric speciation B. phyletic gradualism C. divergent evolution D. convergent evolution E. none of these

• Which of the following series is an example of convergent evolution?

  A. shark, dolphin, ichthyosaur B. snail, elephant, eagle C. coral, squirrel, turtle D. all of these E. none of these

• Which of the following groups exhibit parallel evolution?

  A. sharks, ichthyosaurs & dolphins B. modern placental mammals& Australian marsupials C. keeled forams in Cretaceous & Late Tertiary D. all of these E. both A. & B.

• Which of the following groups exhibit convergent evolution?

  A. sharks, ichthyosaurs & dolphins B. modern placental mammals & Australian marsupials C. keeled forams in Cretaceous & Late Tertiary D. all of these E. both A. & B.

• The similar morphologies of ________________ are the result of convergent evolution.
  • D. Cenozoic saber-toothed marsupial cats in South America & saber-toothed placental cats in North America
  • A. sharks, dolphins, & ichthyosaurs B. clam & brachiopod shells
  • C. Cenozoic marsupials & placentals of North & South America
  • D. all of these E. none of these
• Similar morphology developed by sharks, ichthyosaurs, & dolphins is an example of _________________ evolution.
• The independent evolution of saber-like canines by placental cats in the Oligocene-Miocene & again in the Pleistocene is an example of __________________ Evolution.
• Matching: Match the evolutionary term listed on the left with the description listed on the right that corresponds with that term. Items on the right will be used only once.
  • adaptive radiation A. whale & snake pelvises
  • convergent evolution B. tetrapod limbs
  • homologous structures C. similar morphology of sharks, ichthyosaurs & dolphins
  • living fossils D. Lingula, opossum, Caelacanth (Latimeria)
  • parallel evolution E. keeled forams in the Cretaceous & in the Late Tertiary
  • F. evolution of many new mammalian species in the Cenozoic
• Matching: Match the organisms on the left with the type of speciation/evolution pattern that those organisms illustrate & enter it on the computer answer sheet. Each item on the right may be used more than once, & not all items on the right w ill be used.
  • mammals during the Cenozoic A. phyletic gradualism
  • Archaeopteryx B. parallel evolution
  • shark, ichthyosaur, and dolphin C. punctuated equilibrium
  • Old and New World porcupines D. convergent evolution
  • keeled forams in the Cretaceous and late Tertiary E. adaptive radiation
  • finches in the Galapagos F. mosaic evolution
  • saber-toothed cats in the Oligocene-Miocene and Pleistocene
  • Australian marsupials and placental mammals elsewhere
  • Cenozoic marsupials of South America & placentals of North America
  • saber-toothed cats in N. America, sabertoothed marsupial cats in S. America, and saber-toothed creodonts during the Cenozoic

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• Ligula, opossums & Latimeria are examples of living fossils (groups of organisms that do not exhibit any evolutionary trends).
• Which of the following species are examples of living fossils?

  A. horses B. titanotheres C. dolphins D. all of these E. none of these

• Which of the following evolutionary trends is true of titanotheres?

  A. decreasing body size B. development & increase in size of horns C. decrease in skull size D. titanospheres are living fossils E. none of these

• Which of the following evolutionary trends is true of horses?

  A. increasing body size B. increasing leg length C. decreasing toe number D. all of these E. none of these

• Ligula , opossums & Latimeria are examples of _______________.
• The earliest bird, Archaeopteryx ,.is an example of mosaic evolution.
• Human evolution is not an example of mosaic evolution.

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• The formation of supercontinents through plate tectonic activity is thought to be unrelated to mass extinctions.
• Important & severe mass extinctions occur at or near the end of the Cambrian, Ordovician, Devonian, Permian, Triassic & Cretaceous.
• Bacteria & blue-green algae evolved 600 my ago at the start of the Phanerozoic Eon.
• Important or severe (or less severe) mass extinctions occur at or near the ends of which of the following periods?

  A. Silurian B. Mississippian C. Pennsylvanian D. Jurassic E. none of these

• An important (or most severe or less severe) mass extinction occurs at or near the ends of the ________ Period.

  A. Cambrian

• The __________________________ Period ends with the most severe mass extinction.
• The development of ________________________________________ approximately 600 my ago is the fundamental cause of the division of geologic time into the Cryptozoic & Phanerozoic Eons.

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