1

• The Ediacara Fauna consists of animals that are unrelated to any animals of the Early Paleozoic.
• Some paleontologists consider that the Ediacara Fauna consists of animals that are unrelated to any animals of the Early Paleozoic.
• Metazoans were first discovered in the Pound Quartzite exposed in the Ediacara Hills of Australia.
• The first multicelled animals had hard shells.
• The evolution of predators had nothing to do with the evolution of hard shells.
• Many of the shells of the Vendian/Ediacarian & Early Cambrian low and moderate diversity faunas are probably disarticulated sclerites that were imbedded in the skin of animals.
• Paleontologists & stratigraphers currently favor placing the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary at the first occurrence of trilobites.
• Complex trace fossils are associated with the Ediacara Fauna.
• Trilobites do not occur in the Tommotian Fauna.
• The first discovery of ______________ was in the Late Proterozoic (680?-544 my old) Pound Quartzite of Southern Australia.

  A. bacteria B. eukaryotes C. multicelled animals D. both B. & C. E. all of these

• _________ occur in rocks deposited during the Tommotian (535?-525? my ago).

  A. a moderately diverse assemblage of small, shelly fossils B. complex trace fossils C. archeocyathids & inarticulate brachiopods D. all of these E. none of these

• The Tommotian Fauna consists of ___________.

  A. a low diversity assemblage of small, shelly fossils B. only soft-bodied animals C. a moderate diversity assemblage of small, shelly fossils D. trilobites E. both A. & B. A. small invertebrates with calcium phosphate shells C. bryozoans B. trilob ites, inarticulate brachiopods, & archeocyathids D. all of these E. none of these

• Why have some paleontologists proposed that the Phanerozoic Eon be extended 100 my earlier in time by the addition of the Vendian/Ediacarian Period prior to the Cambrian?
  • A. Because they are tired of referring to the time prior to the Phanerozoic as the Precambrian.
  • B. Because they want to sell revised Historical Geology textbooks.
  • C. Because the first multicelled animals occur in rocks of this age.
  • D. Because prokaryotic organisms occur in Archean rocks. E. all of these
  • E. Because trilobites & inarticulate brachiopods are found in rocks of this age.
• Why has the Vendian System been proposed as a separate system?
  • A. The occurrence of bacteria in Latest Proterozoic rocks makes it difficult to recognize the Cambrian-Precambrian boundary.
  • B. The occurrence of blue-green algae in Latest Proterozoic rocks makes it difficult to recognize the Cambrian-Precambrian boundary.
  • C. The occurrence of the Ediacara & Tommotian faunas in Latest Proterozoic rocks makes it difficult to recognize the Cambrian-Precambrian boundary.
  • D. all of these. E. both A. & B. E. none of these
• The ________ System has been proposed because occurrence of the __________ in Latest Proterozoic rocks makes it difficult to define the Paleozoic-Precambrian boundary?

  A. Cambrian; bacteria B. Eocambrian; blue-green algae C. Vendian; Ediacara Fauna & of other fozzilized metazoa D. Ordovician; Ediacara Fauna & of other fozzilized metazoa E. none of these

• Paleontologists & stratigraphers currently favor placing the Precambrian-Cambrian boundary at the first occurrence of _____________.

  A. a low diversity assemblage of small, shelly fossils B. complex trace fossils C. a moderate diversity assemblage of small, shelly fossils D. trilobites E. both A. & B.

• The proposed Vendian/Ediacarian Period would extend from __________ million years ago to 544 million years ago.
• The Ediacaran Fauna consists only of ___________________.
• The progressive changes in metazoans during the Vendian/Ediacarian & Early Cambrian represent an _____________________.
• Halkieriids (strange worm-like animals which lived during the Earliest Cambrian Period) had 2 larger shells at either end that look very much like _______________ shells, as well as numerous small sclerites that form part of the Ediacarian-Tommotian s mall, shelly fossil assemblages.

2

• Multicelled animals did not evolve until the Phanerozoic Eon.
• The base of the Cambrian is defined as the first occurrence of trilobites.
• Trilobites & brachiopods are the first abundant shelled organisms preserved in the rock record.
• Trilobites are an important member of the Tommotian Fauna.
• Trilobites are not an important part of the "Classical" Cambrian Fauna.
• Lingula, the tongue-shaped inarticulate brachiopod found in modern oceans, is one of the few surviving members of the Cambrian Fauna.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it is in British Columbia.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it is a black shale.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it is Middle Cambrian in age.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it preserves typical Cambrian shelled fauna.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it was located in western Laurentia.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it was discovered by Walcott.
• The Burgess Shale of Middle Cambrian age preserves a soft-bodied fauna containing representatives of several invertebrate phylla that became extinct during the Paleozoic & which are totally to modern organisms.
• Primitive members of the Phylum Chordata (the phylum to which humans belong) occur in the Burgess Shale.
• The Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale preserves representatives of 15-20 arthropod classes, of which only 4 survived past the Cambrian.
• Many phylla of now extinct marine invertebrates evolved during the Ediacarian/Cambrian adaptive radiation & are found in the Burgess Shale.
• The Late Proterozoic-Cambrian adaptive radiation resulted in the evolution of many "experimental" phyla that did not survive the mass extinction at the end of the Cambrian.
• Most families of modern marine invertebrates evolved during the Late Proterozoic-Cambrian adaptive radiation.
• ALL major invertebrate phyla EXCEPT BRYOZOANS had evolved by the end of the Cambrian.
• All of the members of the Cambrian Fauna are found in the younger Paleozoic Fauna, but less abundantly.
• Articulate brachiopods & conodonts are especially important for correlation during the Cambrian.
• The classes of marine animals that make up the Paleozoic Fauna occur only from the Ordovician to Permian Periods.
• Lingula, the tongue-shaped inarticulate brachiopod found in modern oceans (except when they venture on to solid land to go to a Rolling Stone concert), is a member of the Modern Fauna.
• Inarticulate brachiopods (like Lingula) are the dominant bivalve of the Paleozoic Fauna.
• Echinoids (sea urchins, sand dollars) are the dominant echinoderm members of the Modern Fauna; crinoids & starfish are the dominant echinoderm members of the Paleozoic Fauna.
• Articulate brachiopods are the dominant bivalve of the Modern Fauna; bivalved mollusks (clams, oysters) are the dominant bivalve of the Paleozoic Fauna.
• Most of the classes of marine animals that make up the Paleozoic Fauna occur throughout the Phanerozoic Eon.
• Shelled relatives of modern squids (ammonoid cephalopods) are among the important groups used for biostratigraphic correlation of the Upper Paleozoic & Mesozoic strata.
• Which of the following groups did not initially evolve during the Early Paleozoic?
  A. land plants A. seed ferns B. reptiles C. amphibians D. both B & C E. none of these E. all of these A. reptiles B. amphibians C. fish D. land plants E. both A. & B.
• Which of the following groups are found as members of BOTH the Tommotian Fauna & the "Classical" Cambrian fossil assemblage?
  A. Archeocyathids B. Inarticulate brachiopods C. both A. & B. D. Trilobites E. Bryozoans
• Which of the following are found in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale?
  A. lung fish B. amphibians C. mammal teeth D. tree leaves E. none of these A. bryozoans B. birds C. soft bodied invertebrates D. tree leaves E. none of these A. birds B. bryozoans C. soft bodied invertebrates D. both A. & B. E. all of these
• Articulate brachiopods are the dominant bivalve of the ___________ Fauna.
  A. Ediacarian B. Tommotian C. Cambrian D. Paleozoic E. Modern
• _______________ are(is) the dominant echinoderm members of the Paleozoic Fauna.
  A. Crinoids B. Blastoids C. Mick Jagger D. Echinoids E. Both A. & B.
• Many phylla of now extinct marine invertebrates evolved during the _____________ adaptive radiation(s).
  A. Ordovician B. Silurian C. Carboniferous D. all of these E. none of these
• Most classes of modern marine invertebrates evolved during the __________ adaptive radiation.
  A. Carboniferous B. Silurian C. Ordovician D. Cambrian E. none of these
• Most __________ of modern marine invertebrates evolved during the Ordovician adaptive radiation.
  A. Phyla B. Classes C. Orders D. Families E. Genera
• The only phylum to evolve after the Cambrian is the Phylum ____________.
  A. arthropoda B. brachipoda C. bryozoa D. chordata E. none of these
• Which of the following are not part of the Paleozoic Fauna?
  A. archeocyathids B. bryozoans C. graptolites D. both B. & C. E. all of these
• ___________________ were the major Cambrian reef-builders.
  A. Tabulate & rugose corals B. Stromatoporoids C. Bryozoans D. Archeocyathids E. none of these
• Which of the following organisms were the major Silurian-Devonian reef-builders?
  A. Tabulate & rugose corals B. Stromatoporoids C. Archeocyathids D. none of these E. Both A. & B.
• Coal forests, crinoids, blastoids, productid brachiopods, fenestrate bryozoa & fusilinids are all particularly characteristic of the _________________ Period.
  A. Cambrian B. Carboniferous C. Cretaceous D. Devonian E. Silurian
• The Middle Cambrian _________________________ of British Columbia preserves many soft-bodied organisms, including many representatives of phyla that became extinct in the Paleozoic & organisms with truly weird body forms.
• The Middle Cambrian _________________________ of British Columbia preserves many soft-bodied organisms, including many representatives of phylla with truly weird body forms that became extinct in the Cambrian.
• Give the name of one (out of 3) of the members of the "classical" Cambrian fossil assemblage - ___________________________________.
• Bryozoans evolved during the ___________________________________ Period.
• The ____________________________________ Period is known as the "Age of Crinoids".

3

• Phanerozoic mass extinctions are followed by adaptive radiations.
• The ONLY mass extinction of the Paleozoic occurs at the end of the Permian.
• The mass extinction at the end of the Devonian mostly affected reef community organisms & ammonoids.
• All archeocyathids & many families of trilobites became extinct at the end of the Cambrian.
• All archeocyathids, many classes of early echinoderms & many families of trilobites became extinct at the end of the Ordovician.
• Many families of brachiopods & bryozoans became extinct at the end of the Ordovician.
• Most families of amphibians & reptiles became extinct at the end of the Permian.
• Mass extinctions occur at the end of the Ordovician, near the end of the Devonian & at the end of the Permian.
• Although there were several mass extinctions during the Paleozoic, the most severe mass extinction occurred at the end of the Paleozoic.
• Although there were several mass extinctions during the Paleozoic, the most severe mass extinction occurred near the end of the Devonian.
• Acanthodian & placoderm fish became extinct at the end of the Permian.
• Trilobites & eurypterids became extinct at the end of the Permian.
• The mass extinction that ended the Paleozoic Era probably resulted from the formation of Wegener's Pangea.
• The mass extinction at the end of the Paleozoic was probably the result of the breakup of Wegener's Pangea.
• The mass extinctions at the end of the Paleozoic were the result of the breakup of Pangea II.
• The mass extinction that ended the Paleozoic Era probably resulted from the formation of Pangea II.
• The mass extinction that ended the Paleozoic Era probably resulted from the Earth being struck by a large meteorite.
• The mass extinctions the occurred near the end of the Devonian, and at the end of the Triassic & Cretaceous Periods may have resulted from the impacts of comets or meteorites.
• The mass extinctions the occurred near the end of the Devonian, and at the end of the Triassic & Cretaceous Periods resulted from the formations of supercontinents.
• The mass extinctions at the end of the Paleozoic were the result of extensive glaciation in Gondwana.
• Which of the following did NOT become extinct by the end of the Paleozoic?
  B. Fusilinids A. Trilobites B. Ostracoderms C. Therapsids D. all of these E. none of these
• Which of the following became extinct by the end of the Paleozoic?
  A. Rugose coral B. Fusilinids C. Trilobites D. Blastoids E. all of these
• Give the name of one of the groups that went extinct during the Permian mass extinction - ______________________________________________.
• Give the name of an organism that was extinct by the end of the Permian - _____________________________________________.

4

• The first vertebrate organisms evolved during the Cambrian Period.
• Jawless fish (extinct ostracoderms and lampreys & hagfish) evolved from archaic jawed fish (extinct acanthodians & placoderms).
• Fish jaws evolved by modification of gill arches.
• Fish jaws developed from a modification of the front portion of the gill structure.
• Paleozoic lobe fin fish often had lungs as well as gills.
• Modern (cartilagenous & bony) fish did not evolve until the Mesozoic Era (and then they evolved directly into the Rolling Stones).
• The dominant modern fish classes (cartilagenous & bony) evolved during the Devonian Period.
• Which of the following groups of fish is the most primitive?
• To which fish class(es) do jawless fish belong?
• To which fish class(es) do extinct archaic jawed fish belong?
• To which fish class(es) do cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays, skates) belong?
• To which fish class(es) do modern bony fish belong?
  A. Acanthodii B. Placodermi C. Osteoichthyes D. Chondrichthyes E. Agnatha C. both A. & B. E. both C. & D. D. both B. & C. E. both B. & D. E. none of these
• The ____________________________________ Period is known as the "Age of Fish".
• The dominant modern fish classes (cartilagenous & bony) evolved during the __________________________ Period, also known as the "Age of Fish".

5

• The first groups of land plants to evolve were primitive vascular plants (rhyniophytes & zosterophyllophytes) that reproduced using spores.
• There are no modern representatives of the primitive spore-bearing psilopsids, lycopsids or sphenopsids.
• During the Paleozoic Era, true ferns & other advanced spore-producing plants (scale trees, rushes & horsetails) had many species that were tree-sized (several meters tall).
• Carboniferous coal forests were dominated by true ferns & other advanced spore-producing plants (scale trees, rushes & horsetails), as well as by seed ferns (the first gynmosperm, or naked seed, plants).
• The Glossopteris flora of Gondwana were a group of seed ferns.
• Flowering seed plants (angiosperms, or anthophytes) were the first group of land plants to evolve.
• Gymnosperms (naked seed plants [non-flowering seed plants]) evolved from flowering seed plants (angiosperms, or anthophytes).
• Flowering, seed-bearing plants (Angiosperms) evolved during the Late Paleozoic.
• The first multicellular plant group to colonize the land were:
  A. rushes & horsetails. B. scale trees. C. seed ferns. D. true ferns. E. psilophytes.
• The first group of land plants to evolve were ____________.
  A. Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms) B. Lycopsids & Sphenopsids C. Naked Seed Plants (Gymnosperms) D. Psilophytes E. True Ferns
• Carboniferous coal forests were dominated by _________________.
  A. angiosperms B. psilophytes C. conifers D. cycads & ginkoes E. scale trees, rushes, true ferns & seed ferns
• Which plant group or groups dominated Carboniferous coal forests?
  A. psilophytes B. psilophytes & cycads C. scale trees, rushes, true ferns & seed ferns D. conifers & ginkoes E. none of these A. angiosperms B. conifers, ginkoes & cycads C. rhyniophytes & zosterophyllophytes
• Which plant group or groups did not occur in Carboniferous coal forests?
  A. ginkoes B. psilophytes & cycads C. primitive conifers D. scale trees, rushes, true ferns & seed ferns E. none of these
• Which of the following plant groups were not important in Carboniferous coal forests?
  A. Flowering Seed Plants (Angiosperms) B. Lycopsids (Scale trees) C. Seed Ferns D. Sphenopsids (Rushes & Horsetails) E. True Ferns
• Give the name of one of the plant groups that evolved during the Paleozoic that is a gymnosperm -
• ______________________________________________.

6

• The first animals to colonize the land were arthropods, not vertebrates.
• Some of the first insects to colonize the land were ________________ during the ________________.
  A. cockroaches & dragonflies, Carboniferous B. scorpions, Early Devonian C. spiders, Early Devonian D. both B. & C. E. millipedes, Late Ordovician
• The first insects to colonize the land were _______ during the _______.
  A. scorpions & centipedes, Carboniferous B. cockroaches & dragonflies, Carboniferous C. scorpions & centipedes, Devonian D. cockroaches & dragonflies, Devonian E. spiders, Devonian
• The first arthropods colonized the land during the _______.
  A. Cambrian B. Silurian C. Carboniferous D. Permian E. none of these
• _______ were the first arachnids to colonize the land, which they did during the _______.
  A. spiders, Carboniferous B. spiders, Devonian C. cockroaches & dragonflies, Carboniferous D. cockroaches & dragonflies, Devonian E. none of these
• The first animals to colonize the land were _______________.
  A. Amphibians B. Arthropods C. Mammals D. Mollusks E. Reptiles

7

• Amphibians & reptiles developed from fish during the Early Paleozoic.
• Amphibians evolved from ray-finned bony fish.
• The transitional form between fish & amphibians are labyrinthodonts.
• Although advanced amphibians, all reptiles & all mammals have 5 or fewer digits, the first land animals (icthyostegids) had more than 5 digits.
• Reptiles were the first vertebrate organisms.
• Reptiles were the first vertebrate organisms to evolve the amniote egg.
• The seed and the "amniotic" egg freed "advanced" plants (gymnosperms & angiosperms) and reptiles from dependence on a moist environment.
• The development of the "amniotic" egg freed amphibians from dependence on a moist environment.
• The development of the "amniotic" egg freed lung fish from dependence on a moist environment.
• Birds were the first vertebrate organisms to evolve the amniote egg.
• Mammal-like reptiles evolved from mammals.
• Mammal-like reptiles were the dominant land vertebrates during the Permian Period.
• Mammal-like reptiles may have been warm-blooded.
• Which fish group gave rise to amphibians?
  A. ray fin osteoichthyans B. ray fin chondrichthyans C. lobe fin osteoichthyans D. lobe fin chondrichthyans E. none of these
• Amphibians evolved from _________________.
  A. Mammal-like reptiles B. Lobe-finned fish C. Mammals D. Mick Jagger E. Primitive reptiles
• The development of the __________ freed ______ from dependence on a moist environment.
  A. lungs, lobe fin fish B. lungs, amphibians C. stromatolites, cyanobacteria D. amniotic egg, reptiles E. none of these
• The ___________ are also known as mammal-like reptiles.
  B. Therapsids A. Labyrinthodonts B. Coelacanths C. Ichthyostegids D. Cotylosaurs E. none of these
• Which of the following are primitive reptiles?
• Which of the following are amphibians?
• Which of the following are advanced reptiles that are not mammal-like reptiles?
• Which of the following are advanced reptiles that are mammal-like reptiles?
• Which of the following gave rise to mammals?
• Which of the following gave rise to dinosaurs?
  A. Labyrinthodonts B. Thecodonts C. Pelycosaurs D. Therapsids E. Both C. & D. A. Stem reptiles A. Labyrinthodonts B. Stem reptiles C. Thecodonts D. Therapsids E. Pelycosaurs
• Mammal-like reptiles evolved from _________________.
  A. Amphibians B. Lobe-finned fish C. Mammals D. Mick Jagger E. Primitive reptiles
• _________________ were the dominant land vertebrates during the Permian Period.
  A. Amphibians B. Dinosaurs C. Mammals D. Mammal-like reptiles E. Primitive reptiles
• _____________ (advanced mammal-like reptiles) evolved in & were dominant during the Late Permian (point marked by letter "B" in the diagram below).
  A. Stem reptiles B. Therapsids C. Ichthyostegids D. Labyrinthodonts E. Both C. & D.
• __________________________________ were the first vertebrate organisms (Class name) to evolve the amniote egg.

8

• Matching: Match the organism described on the left with the phylum or class listed on the right to which it belongs. Each item on the right may be used more than once.
  • jawless fish A. Arthropoda
  • tentacled creatures having only a sac for a digestive system B. Blastoidea
  • cockroach C. Brachiopoda
  • shelled creatures with a cephalon, thorax and pygidium D. Bryozoa
  • squids and octopi E. Chordata
  • stalked creature with 5-fold symmetry that lacks arms F. Coelenterata
  • stalked creature with 5-fold symmetry that has arms G. Crinoidea
  • bivalved creature with toothed hinge, and shells that are H. Cyanobacteria
  • different sized but equilateral I. Mollusca
  • bivalved creature with toothed hinge, and shells that are J. Porifera
  • the same sized but not equilateral
  • tentacled creatures having a U-shaped digestivesystem with a mouth and anus
• Matching: Match the biological event in vertebrate and land plant evolution with the NUMBER in the diagram below under the vertebrate and the land plant columns that corresponds to the period during which that event occurred. Each item in the diagram will be used only once, but one item in each column will NOT be used. Enter your choices on the computer answer sheet.
  • Vertebrate Evolution Events: Land Plant Evolution Events:
  • 90. ichthyostegids evolve 94. ginkoes evolve
  • 91. stem reptiles evolve 95. psilophytes evolve
  • 92. archaic jawed fish evolve 96. lycopsids, sphenopsids & true ferns evolve
  • 93. jawless fish evolve 97. conifers evolve
    
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