1

• The most specific taxonomic division to which an organism can belong is "Kingdom."
• The most general taxonomic division to which an organism can belong is "Kingdom."
• The following is arranged from most general to most specific: Family, Order, Class.
• The following is arranged from most general to most specific: Class, Order, Family.
• Two organisms that are classified as the same species must have more characteristics in common than do two organisms that are only classified as in the same phylum.
• In the Linnaean System name for the wolf, "Canis lupus ", lupus is the Genus.
• In the Linnaean System name for humans, "Homo sapiens ", sapiens is the Genus.
  
• Which of the following list the levels of the taxonomic heirarchy from least specific to most specific?
• Which of the following series is arranged from MOST SPECIFIC to MOST GENERAL taxonomic division?
• Which of the following series is arranged from MOST GENERAL to MOST SPECIFIC taxonomic division?
  • A. Genus, Family, Order B. Class, Phylum, Kingdom
  • C. Family, Class, Kingdom B. Order, Class, Phylum
  • A. species, Genus, Family B. Family, Order, Class
  • C. Class, Phylum, Kingdom B. Class, Order, Family
  • A. Family, Genus, species C. Kingdom, Phylum, Class
  • B. Order-Family-Genus C. Phylum-Class-Order
  • D. all of these. E. none of these.
• Which of the following is the LEAST specific classification level of which an organism can be part?
• Which of the following is the MOST specific classification level of which an organism can be part?
  • A. species B. Order C. Kingdom D. Division E. Phylum
• Humans are classified as members of the Kingdom ___________ & the Phylum ___________.
  • A. Animalia, Mollusca B. Plantae, Anthophyta/Angiospermae
  • C. Animalia, Porifera D. Protoctista (or, Protista), Protozoa
  • B. PLANTAE, ANGIOSPERMOPHYTA
  • C. ANIMALIA, CHORDATA E. Plantae, Bryphyta
  • D. Protista, Sarcodina
  • E. none of these

• Matching: Match the human taxonomic names on the left with the appropriate taxonomic level on the right. Each item on the right will be used only once.

sapiens	A. Kingdom
Hominidae	B. species
Mammalia	C. Genus
Animalia	D. Class
Homo	E. Family

• Humans are classified as members of the Phylum ____________________________.
• Humans are classified as members of the Kingdom ____________________ & the Phylum ______________________.

2

• Anaerobic heterotrophic prokaryotes were probably the first organisms to evolve.
• Aerobic autotrophic eu/prokaryotes were probably the first organisms to evolve.
• The second autotrophs to evolve were aerobic cyanobacteria.
• The first autotrophs to evolved were aerobic cyanobacteria.
• The first autotrophs on Earth were probably chemosynthetic anaerobes.
• The first organisms on Earth were photosynthetic autotrophs/heterotrophic anaerobes/heterotrophic aerobes/autotrophic anaerobes/photosynthetic heterotrophs/photosynthetic aerobes.
• Heterotrophic anaerobes/Photosynthetic autotrophs/cyanobacteria did not/have produce/d the oxygen found in the Earth's atmosphere.
• Organisms that can synthesize food by fixing carbon are called heterotrophs.
• Prokaryotes have internal organelles & a membrane-bound nucleus with chromosomes.
• Eukaryotes lack internal organelles & a membrane-bound nucleus with chromosomes.
• Prokaryotes are thought to have developed from symbiotic relationships between previously-independent eukaryotes.
• Cyanobacteria produce free oxygen as a waste product of photosynthesis.
• The evolution of photosynthetic aerobic cyanobacteria had a profound effect on the composition of the Earth's atmosphere.
• The evolution of photosynthetic aerobic cyanobacteria had no effect on the composition of the Earth's atmosphere.
• The primary cause for the increasing oxygen content of Earth's atmosphere about 2 billion years ago was the evolution of photosynthetic cyanobacteria.
• The oldest continental rocks (3.8 by old rocks of Greenland) contain evidence that life had already evolved by 3.8 by ago.
• The oldest rocks on Earth (3.8 by old rocks in Greenland) contain evidence that life had already evolved.
• Graphite spheres in the 3.8 billion year old Isua sequence of Greenland are enriched in the light isotope of carbon (carbon-12), a geochemical signature of possible biological origin.

• The first organisms on Earth probably were __________________.
  • A. photosynthetic aerobes B. photosynthetic anaerobes
  • C. heterotrophic aerobes D. heterotrophic anaerobes
  • A. photosynthetic aerobic prokaryotes
  • A. photosynthetic anaerobic prokaryotes
  • B. photosynthetic anaerobic eukaryotes
  • B. photosynthetic aerobic eukaryotes
  • C. heterotrophic anaerobic eukaryotes
  • D. heterotrophic aerobic eukaryotes
  • E. heterotrophic anaerobic prokaryotes
  • D. chemosynthetic aerobic prokaryotes
  • B. chemosynthetic anaerobic eukaryotes
  • E. none of these
• The first autotrophs on Earth were probably __________________.
  • A. anaerobic B. aerobic C. prokaryotes D. eukaryotes
  • A. photosynthetic aerobic prokaryotes D. photosynthetic anaerobic eukaryotes
  • A. photosynthetic aerobic eukaryotes B. photosynthetic aerobic prokaryotes
  • B. chemosynthetic aerobic prokaryotes
  • E. chemosynthetic anaerobic eukaryotes
  • C. chemosynthetic aerobic eukaryotes
  • D. chemosynthetic anaerobic prokaryotes
  • C. chemosynthetic anaerobic prokaryotes
  • E. chemosynthetic anaerobic eukaryotes
  • D. both A. & C.
  • E. both B. & C.
• Organisms that lack internal organelles & a membrane-bound nucleus with chromosomes are called _____________.
• Organisms that have internal organelles & a membrane-bound nucleus with chromosomes are called _____________.
  • A. heterotrophic B. anaerobic C. prokaryotes D. eukaryotes
  • A. photosynthetic B. aerobic
  • E. A., B., & C.
• The equation below describes the chemical reaction for photosynthesis that occurs in __________________.
  • 6 CO₂ + 6 H₂O + energy -> C₆H₁₂O6 + 6 O₂
  • A. anaerobic fermenting bacteria B. aerobic cyanobacteria
  • C. anaerobic methanogenic bacteria
  • D. both A. & C. E. all of these
• The early earth atmosphere (before 2 billion years ago) was notably deficient in ________.
  • A. carbon dioxide B. free oxygen C. methane
  • D. all of these E. none of these
• What was the characteristic(s) of the early earth atmosphere (before 2 billion years ago)?
  • A. No free oxygen. B. Relatively abundant CO₂.
  • C. Relatively abundant methane (CH₄) & ammonia (NH₃).
  • D. All of these E. None of these.
• The _______ formed by photosynthetic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from 2.5-2.0 billion years ago did not accumulate in the atmosphere because it was combined with iron to form banded iron formations.
• The _______ formed by photosynthetic cyanobacteria (blue-green algae) from 3-2 billion years ago did not accumulate in the atmosphere because it was combined with iron to form banded iron formations.
  • A. H₂O B. O₂ C. CO₂ D. CH₄
  • B. NH₃
  • D. all of these E. none of these
• What significant change occurred in the atmophere at about 2 billion years ago.
  • A. Argon began to accumulate.
  • B. Methane (CH₄) & ammonia (NH₃) began to accumulate.
  • C. Carbon dioxide CO₂ began to accumulate.
  • A. Free oxygen begins to accumulate.
  • B. Free methane (CH₄) & ammonia (NH₃) begin to accumulate.
  • C. Free CO₂ begins to accumulate.
  • D. All of these. E. None of these.

• An organism with internal organelles & a membrane-bounded nucleus with chromosomes is called a _____________________.
• Organisms that lack internal organelles & membrane-bounded nucleus with chromosomes are called _____________________.
• Organisms that can/cannot synthesize food by fixing carbon are called _______________.
• An organism with a nucleus is called a(n) _____________________.
• A one-celled organism without a nucleus is called a(n) _________________________.
• A prokaryote / eukaryote (circle one) is a one-celled organism without a nucleus or internal organelles.
• A one-celled organism with/without a nucleus &/or internal organelles is called a(n) prokaryote / eukaryote (circle one).
• Organisms that lack internal organelles & membrane-bounded nucleus with chromosomes are called _________________.
• Organisms that have internal organelles & a membrane-bounded nucleus with chromosomes are called ______________________.
• _________________________ is the name given to organisms that lack internal organelles & membrane-bounded nucleus with chromosomes.
• _________________________ is the name given to organisms with cells that have internal organelles & a membrane-bounded nucleus with chromosomes.
• Cyanobacteria produce free ______________ as a waste product of photosynthesis.
• From 3 - 2 billion years ago, __________________ produced free O₂ as a waste product of photosynthesis.
• From 3 - 2 billion years ago, cyanobacteria produced free O₂as a waste product of ______________________.

3

• The development of eukaryotes occurs after the accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere.
• Eukaryotic microfossils first occur in 2 - 1.5 billion year old rocks.
• Eukaryotes did not begin to evolve until free oxygen began to accumulate in the atmosphere.
• The increase in atmospheric oxygen had nothing to do with the evolution of eukaryotes.
• The pace of organic evolution did not change following the development of eukaryotes.
• The evolution of eukaryotes had a significant effect on the pace of organic evolution.
• The evolution of eukaryotes had no effect on the pace of organic evolution.
• Multicelled organisms did not evolve for a billion years after eukaryotes evolved.
• Multicelled organisms evolved relatively soon (probably ~200 million years at most) after eukaryotes evolved.
• Eukaryotic microfossils first occur in 900 million year old rocks.

• Which of the following statements about eukaryote evolution is true?
  • A. Eukaryotes began to evolve prior to the accumulation of free oxygen in Earth's atmosphere.
  • B. The pace of organic evolution did not change following the development of eukaryotes.
  • A. The evolution of eukaryotes had a profound effect on the pace of organic evolution.
  • A. The evolution of eukaryotes had no effect on the pace of organic evolution.
  • C. Eukaryotes probably evolved from several once-independent prokaryotes forming a symbiotic colony.
  • B. Eukaryotes are thought to have developed from symbiotic relationships between previously-independent prokaryotes.
  • D. all of these E. both A. & B.

• Eukaryotes did not begin to evolve until ________ began to accumulate in the atmosphere.
• The development of prokaryotes / eukaryotes (circle one) occurs after the accumulation of free oxygen in the atmosphere.

4

• The Ediacara Fauna consists of animals that are unrelated to any animals of the Early Paleozoic.
• Some paleontologists consider that the Ediacara Fauna consists of animals that are unrelated to any animals of the Early Paleozoic.
• Nearly all paleontologists consider that the Ediacara Fauna consists of animals that are unrelated to any animals of the Early Paleozoic.
• Multicelled animals were first discovered in the Pound Quartzite exposed in the Ediacara Hills of Australia.
• The first multicelled animals had hard shells.
• The first multicelled animals did not have hard shells.
• Many of the shells of Ediacarian & Early Cambrian animals are probably disarticulated sclerites that were imbedded in the skin of animals.
• Early in the Cambrian Period, Ediacarian animals disappeared completely & were replaced by little shelly fossils.

• The first discovery of ______________ was in less than 600 my old Pound Quartzite of the Ediacara Hills of Southern Australia.
  • A. bacteria B. eukaryotes C. multicelled animals
  • D. both B. & C. E. all of these
• The Ediacara Fauna consists of ___________.
• _________ replace the Ediacara Fauna.
  • A. an assemblage of small, shelly fossils and accompanying complex trace fossils
  • B. soft-bodied animals (although tube-shaped fossils and simple trace fossils are associated with them)
  • C. trilobites, inarticulate brachiopods, & archeocyathids E. both A. & C.
• Which of the following statements about the Ediacaran Fauna is true?
  • A. The Ediacarian Fauna occurs on all continents except Antarctica.
  • A. The Ediacaran Fauna consists of soft-bodied muticellular animals.
  • C. The Ediacarian Fauna consists of animals that were soft-bodied.
  • A. The Ediacarian Fauna consists of the first multicelled animals to evolve.
  • B. Small, calcareous, tube-shaped fossils & simple trace fossils are associated with the Ediacarian Fauna.
  • B. Some paleontologists consider that the Ediacarian Fauna are unrelated to modern metazoans.
  • B. At least some paleontologists think that the Ediacaran Fauna are unrelated to any living animal group.
  • C. The Ediacaran Fauna dominated the animal world during the Vendian Period (~610 to 550 my ago).
  • D. both A. & C. E. all of these
• Soft-bodied animals, tube-shaped fossils & simple trace fossils characterize the _________________.
  • A. Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale B. "Classical" Cambrian Fauna
  • C. Small Shelly Fossils D. Ediacara Fauna

• The Ediacaran Fauna consists only of ____________________________________.

• Matching: Match the items concerned with Precambrian life listed on the left with the items listed on the right with which they are most closely associated. Each item on the right will be used only once.

essential protein component	A. eukaryote
Pound Quartzite, Ediacara Hills	B. first multicelled animals
type of cell characterized by a membrane-bounded nucleus, organelles, and chromosomes	C. amino acids

5

• Multicelled animals did not evolve until the Phanerozoic Eon.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it is in British Columbia.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it is a black shale.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it is Middle Cambrian in age.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it preserves typical Cambrian shelled fauna.
• The main importance of the Burgess Shale is that it was located in western Laurentia.
• The Burgess Shale of Middle Cambrian age preserves a soft-bodied fauna containing representatives of several invertebrate phylla that became extinct during the Paleozoic & which are totally unrelated to modern organisms.
• Primitive members of the Phylum Chordata (the phylum to which humans belong) occur in the Burgess Shale.
• Many phyla of now extinct marine invertebrates evolved during the early Cambrian & are found in the Burgess Shale.

• Which of the following are found in the Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale?
  • A. lung fish B. amphibians C. mammal teeth D. birds
  • C. soft bodied invertebrates
  • D. all of these E. none of these D. both A. & B.

• The Middle Cambrian _________________________________________________ of British Columbia preserves many soft-bodied organisms, including many representatives of phylla that became extinct in the Paleozoic & organisms with truly weird body forms.
• The Middle Cambrian _________________________________________________ of British Columbia preserves many soft-bodied organisms, including many representatives of phylla with truly weird body forms that became extinct in the Cambrian.
• The Middle Cambrian Burgess Shale of British Columbia preserves many _____________, including representatives of phyla with truly weird body forms that became extinct in the Cambrian.

6

• Fish, amphibians, reptiles, birds & mammals are members of the Phylum ____________.
• Jawless fish (extinct ostracoderms and lampreys & hagfish) evolved from archaic jawed fish (extinct acanthodians & placoderms).
• Fish jaws evolved by modification of gill arches.
• Fish jaws developed from a modification of the front portion of the gill structure.
• Paleozoic lobe fin fish often had lungs as well as gills.
• Modern (cartilagenous & bony) fish did not evolve until the Mesozoic Era (and then they evolved directly into the Rolling Stones).
• The dominant modern fish classes (cartilagenous & bony) evolved during the Devonian Period.
• Lobe finned bony fish gave rise to amphibians.
• Amphibians & reptiles developed from fish.
• Amphibians evolved from ray-finned/lobe-finned bony fish.
• The transitional form between fish & amphibians are labyrinthodonts.
• Although advanced amphibians, all reptiles & all mammals have 5 or fewer digits, the first land animals (icthyostegids) had more than 5 digits.
• Reptiles were the first vertebrate organisms.
• Reptiles evolved from amphibians.
• Reptiles were the first vertebrate organisms to evolve the amniote egg.
• The "amniotic" egg (which evolved in the Early Pennsylvanian) freed " reptiles from dependence on a moist environment.
• The "amniotic" egg freed reptiles from dependence on a moist environment.
• The evolution of the amniote egg permitted reptiles to leave the moist environments to which amphibians are restricted.
• The development of the "amniotic" egg freed amphibians from dependence on a moist environment.
• The development of the "amniotic" egg freed lung fish from dependence on a moist environment.
• Birds were the first vertebrate organisms to evolve the amniote egg.
• Mammal-like reptiles evolved from mammals.
• Mammal-like reptiles were the dominant land vertebrates during the Permian Period.
• Mammal-like reptiles may have been warm-blooded.
• The only subclass of Reptiles with living members is Diapsida.
• Dinosaurs & mammals evolved at about the same time (in the Early Mesozoic Era - Triassic Period).

• Which of the following groups of fish is the most primitive?
  • To which fish class(es) do jawless fish belong?
  • To which fish class(es) do extinct archaic jawed fish belong?
  • To which fish class(es) do cartilaginous fish (sharks, rays, skates) belong?
  • To which fish class(es) do modern bony fish belong?
  • A. Acanthodii B. Placodermi C. Osteoichthyes D. Chondrichthyes E. Agnatha
  • C. both A. & B. E. both C. & D. D. both B. & C. E. both B. & D. E. none of these
• Why is the Devonian Period sometimes called the "Age of Fish"?
  • A. Fish had their greatest diversity during the Devonian with 5 classes in existence.
  • B. The Devonian Period isn't called the "Age of Fish," it is called the "Age of Mammals."
  • C. The Devonian Period isn't called the "Age of Fish," the Permian Period is.
  • D. both B. & C.
• Which fish group gave rise to amphibians?
  • A. ray fin osteoichthyans B. ray fin chondrichthyans
  • C. lobe fin osteoichthyans D. lobe fin chondrichthyans E. none of these
• Amphibians evolved from _________________.
  • A. Mammal-like reptiles B. Lobe-finned fish C. Mammals
  • D. Mick Jagger E. Primitive reptiles
• The development of the __________ freed ______ from dependence on a moist environment.
  • A. lungs, lobe fin fish B. lungs, amphibians
  • C. amniotic egg, reptiles D. none of these
• Mammal-like reptiles evolved from _________________.
  • A. Amphibians B. Lobe-finned fish C. Mammals D. Mick Jagger E. Primitive reptiles
• _________________ were the dominant land vertebrates during the Permian Period.
  • A. Amphibians B. Dinosaurs C. Mammals
  • D. Mammal-like reptiles E. Primitive reptiles
• _____________ (advanced mammal-like reptiles) evolved in & were dominant during the Late Permian (point marked by letter "B" in the diagram on the next page).
• A. Primitive reptiles B. Therapsids C. Ichthyostegids
• D. Primitive amphibians E. Both C. & D.

• The ____________________________________ Period is known as the "Age of Fish".
• The dominant modern fish classes (cartilagenous & bony) evolved during the __________________________ Period, also known as the "Age of Fish".
• Fish ___________ developed from a modification of the front portion of the gill structure.
• ___________ were the first vertebrate organisms (Class name) to evolve the amniote egg.
• _____________________ (vertebrate class) evolved from lobe-finned bony fish.
• Reptiles evolved from ______________________________ (vertebrate class).
• Different subclasses of reptiles are distinguished by differences in _____________________________ structure.
• Different orders of dinosaurs are distinguished by differences in _____________________________ structure.

7

• Matching: Match the biological event in vertebrate evolution with the NUMBER in the diagram on the last page of this exam under the vertebrate (numbers 90 to 93) column that corresponds to the period during which that event occurred. Each item in the diagram will be used only once, but one item will NOT be used. Enter your choices on the computer answer sheet.
  • Vertebrate Evolution Events:
    • 90. ichthyostegids evolve
    • 91. primitive reptiles evolve
    • 92. archaic jawed fish evolve
    • 93. jawless fish evolve
  • Bonus Fill in the Blank: Do the following -
    • 1. The ______________________________________ is used in Europe for the two periods extending from 286 to 360 my in Figure 1.
• VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION: The following 6 events listed alphabetically, not chronologically, occurred in vertebrate evolution during the Paleozoic. In Figure 1 at the end of this quiz, the 5 numbers and 2 letters under the "vertebrate" column show when each of these events occurred. The following 6 multiple choice questions & the true-false statement refer to that figure. OPTIONAL: Spaces are provided at the right for you to indicate the chronological order for these events.
  • I. Archaic jawed fish (acanthodians & placoderms) evolved. ___
  • II. Ichthyostegids evolved. ___
  • III. Jawless fish (plated ostracoderms) evolved. ___
  • IV. Labyrinthodonts (early amphibians) evolved. ___
  • V. Primitive reptiles (cotylosaurs) evolved. ___
  • VI. Mammal-like reptiles (pelycosaurs & then therapsids) evolved. ___
• Multiple choice: Choose the best answer & enter it on the computer answer sheet.
  • 76. Which number or letter in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1 indicates the time that jawless fish evolved?
    • A. "1" B. "4" C. "5" D. "A" E. "B"
  • 79. What event in vertebrate evolution occurred at the time indicated by #2 in the vertebrate" column in Figure 1?
    • A. archaic jawed fish evolved B. jawless fish evolved
    • C. labyrinthodonts evolved
    • D. primitive reptiles evolved E. mammal-like reptiles evolved
  • 77. Which number or letter in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1 indicates the time that ichthyostegids evolved?
    • A. "1" B. "3" C. "5" D. "A" E. "B"
  • 80. What event in vertebrate evolution occurred at the time indicated by #4 in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1?
    • A. archaic jawed fish evolved B. jawless fish evolved
    • C. labyrinthodonts evolved
    • D. primitive reptiles evolved E. mammal-like reptiles evolved
  • 78. Which number or letter in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1 indicates the time that primitive reptiles evolved?
    • A. "1" B. "2" C. "3" D. "5" E. "B"
• True-False: Indicate on the computer answer sheet whether each statement is True (A or 1) or False (B or 2).
  • 81. Mammal-like reptiles, which evolved at letters "A" & "B" in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1, may have been warm-blooded.

• VERTEBRATE EVOLUTION: The following 5 events listed alphabetically, not chronologically, occurred in vertebrate evolution during the Paleozoic. In Figure 1 at the end of this quiz, the 5 numbers under the "vertebrate" column show when each of these events occurred. The following 4 multiple choice questions & the true-false statement refer to that figure. OPTIONAL: Spaces are provided at the right for you to indicate the chronological order for these events.
  • I. Archaic (acanthodians & placoderms) & then modern (chondrichtyans & osteoichthyans) jawed fish evolved. ___
  • II. Ichthyostegids & then labyrinthodonts (early amphibians) evolved. ___
  • III. Jawless fish (plated ostracoderms) evolved. ___
  • IV. Primitive reptiles (cotylosaurs) evolved. ___
  • V. Mammal-like reptiles (pelycosaurs & then therapsids) evolved. ___
• Multiple choice: Choose the best answer & enter it on the computer answer sheet.
  • 67. _____________ evolved at the time indicated by #1 in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1?
    • A. archaic & modern jawed fish B. ichtyostegids & labyrinthodonts
    • C. jawless fish
    • D. mammal-like reptiles E. primitive reptiles
  • 65. Archaic & modern jawed fish evolved at number _____ in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1.
    • A. "1" B. "2" C. "3" D. "4" E. "5"
  • 68. _____________ evolved at the time indicated by #3 in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1?
    • A. archaic & modern jawed fish B. ichtyostegids & labyrinthodonts
    • C. jawless fish
    • D. mammal-like reptiles E. primitive reptiles
  • 66. Mammal-like reptiles (pelycosaurs & then therapsids) evolved at number _____ in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1.
    • A. "1" B. "2" C. "3" D. "4" E. "5"
• True-False: Indicate on the computer answer sheet whether each statement is True (A or 1) or False (B or 2).
  • 69. Primitive reptiles, which evolved at #4 in the "vertebrate" column in Figure 1, may have been warm-blooded.
• Bonus: Fill in the blanks in the statements below for a 10 point bonus (5 pts. each).
  • 1A.& 1B. The __________________Period, which extends from 286 to 320 million years ago, & the _________________Period, which extends from 320 to 360 million years ago is used in North America for the single period extending from 286 to 360 million years ago in Figure 1. (2.5 points each; 5 pts. total).

• Figure 1

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