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• Shells, bones & teeth are examples of trace fossils.
• Shells, bones & teeth are examples of body fossils.
• Fossils & trace fossils are very useful in determining environments of deposition.
• Fossils & trace fossils are NOT very useful in determining environments of deposition.
• Trace fossils.are NOT useful for deducing environments of deposition.
• Trace fossils.are useful for deducing environments of deposition.

• Which of the following is an example of a trace/body fossil?
• Which of the following is not an example of a trace/body fossil?
  • A. a boring B. a burrow C. a recrystallized snail shell
  • A. a feeding trail B. a clam shell C. a coprolite
  • E. all of these/none of these
• Tracks, trails, burrows & borings leave features in sediment called _______________ .
  • A. body fossils B. trace fossils C. casts D. molds
  • E. imprints
  • E. none of these
• Tracks, trails, burrows and borings leave features in sediment called ______________ .
• _______________ is the name for the features left in sediment by tracks, trails, burrows and borings.
• Shells, bones & teeth are examples of __________________ fossils.
• Give an example of a body (as opposed to a trace) fossil: ___________________ .

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• Soft tissues are never preserved as fossils (except for the Rolling Stones).
• Soft tissues are sometimes preserved as fossils.
• The fossilization process whereby soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon is called permineralization.
• During carbonization, soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon.
• During permineralization, soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon.
• During permineralization, porous materials are filled with secondary minerals.
• During recrystallization, porous materials are filled with secondary minerals.
• During petrification, wood is replaced or permineralized.
• Originally aragonite shells that have turned into calcite have undergone carbonization.

• Which of the following types of fossilization is most common for soft tissue?
  • A. permineralization B. replacement C. carbonization
  • D. recrystallization E. formation of molds
• Soft tissue is usually preserved ________________.
  • A. by replacement B. by permineralization C. by carbonization D. by recrystallization E. without change
• Porous material is filled with secondary minerals during _______________.
  • A. Carbonization B. Recrystallization C. Replacement
  • D. Permineralization E. none of these
• During __________, an organism's shell is completely dissolved, leaving only a hole in the rock.
  • A. permineralization B. replacement C. formation of molds
  • D. recrystallization E. carbonization
• The feature formed when a leaf shape is pressed into mud is called:
  • A. a trace fossil. B. a mold. C. carbonization. D. a cast.
  • E. none of these
• The dissolution of a shell leaves a feature in sediment called a(n) _____________.
  • A. trace fossil B. mold C. imprint D. cast E. none of these.
  • A. body fossil

• The calcium phosphate of bone & teeth often may be preserved ___________________.
• Aragonite transforms to calcite during ______________________.
• Porous material may be filled with secondary minerals during _____________________.
• During _____________, the original material dissolves & a new mineral (equal in volume to that dissolved) precipitates, often preserving the finest details of the original fossil.
• __________________ is a process occurring when the original material dissolves, followed by precipitation of a new mineral, equal in volume to that dissolved, that often preserves the finest details of the original fossil.
• _________________ is the fossilization process that often preserves the finest detail in which original material is dissolved, & a new mineral, equal in volume to that dissolved, is precipitated.
• Soft tissues are often preserved as thin films of carbon during ____________________.
• During _______________________, organic matter is preserved as a thin film of carbon.
• The fossilization process whereby soft tissues are preserved as thin films of carbon is called ______________________ .
• Replacement or permineralization of wood is called _________________________.

• Matching: Match one of the descriptions on the left with the type of fossilization on the right to which that description pertains & enter it on the computer answer sheet. Two items on the right won't be used, & the other three items will be used only once.

hole formed by dissolution of a shell	A. Original material preserved without change
dissolution of original material, precipitation of new mineral, equal in volume to that dissolved, often preserving the finest details of the original fossil	B. Permineralization
spore, pollen, & teeth are often preserved this way	C. Carbonization
fossils formed by the filling of molds	D. Replacement
opal shells that have changed over to quartz, or aragonite shells preserved as calcite fossils	E. Molds
porous materials filled with secondary minerals	A. Casts
replacement or permineralization of wood	B. Petrification
soft tissues preserved as thin films of carbon	C. Recrystallization

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Short Answers: Briefly answer the following questions.

• Briefly describe 3 types of fossilization.
  

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