True-False

The dinosaur fossil record is very complete.

The dinosaur fossil record is very complete.

Most dinosaur species are known from 5 or more specimens that have all of the bones in place.

Five or more specimens, usually with all the bones in place, are available for study for most species of dinosaurs.

50% of dinosaur species are known from only one specimen, sometimes only a partial skeleton.

Only one specimen, sometimes only a partial skeleton, comprises the material from which 50% of dinosaur species are known.

An example of a clastic sedimentary rock is limestone.

Limestone is a clastic sedimentary rock.

An example of a chemical sedimentary rock is limestone.

Limestone is a chemical sedimentary rock.

Necrolysis includes the bloating of carcasses because gases are generated during decomposition by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria.

Decomposition by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria generates gases, and so carcasses bloat, as part of the process of necrolysis.

Dinosaur skeletons are sometimes found in the shape of an arc, as a result of rigor mortis.

Rigor mortis bends bodies into an arc shape, a shape found in some dinosaur skeletons.

Carcasses bloat because decomposition by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria generates gases.

Decomposition by anaerobic and aerobic bacteria generates gases, and so carcasses bloat.

Dinosaur bones that are dominantly compact bone and dinosaur teeth are denser than water and move by traction along the bottom.

Movement by traction along the bottom is typical for dinosaur bones that are dominantly compact bone and dinosaur teeth, both of which are denser than water.

Dinosaur bones that have high surface area to volume and cancellous to compact bone ratios, like ribs and scapulas, are moved easily by low momentum flows.

Low momentum flows easily move dinosaur bones that have high surface area to volume and cancellous to compact bone ratios, like ribs and scapulas.

Mapping the orientation of the dinosaur bones in the allochthonous bonebed at the Upper Jurassic Howe Quarry demonstrated that this deposit could have formed as a crevasse splay.

The allochthonous bonebed at the Upper Jurassic Howe Quarry could have formed as a crevasse splay as demonstrated by mapping of the orientation of the dinosaur bones in this deposit.

An autochthonous assemblage would be produced by a bloated carcass that had floated a long distances from the death site.

A bloated carcass that had floated a long distances from the death site would produce an autochthonous assemblage.

An accumulation of lots of bones of many individuals of only a few species is called a bonebed.

A bonebed is the name given to an accumulation of lots of bones of many individuals of only a few species.

The image shown on the front screen shows a Velociraptor interacting with a Protoceratops, commonly referred to as “The Fighting Dinosaurs;” the association is autochthonous and may resemble the life assemblage (Biocoenosis).

An association that is autochthonous and may resemble the life assemblage (Biocoenosis) is shown on the front screen; it is commonly referred to as “The Fighting Dinosaurs,” because a Velociraptor appears to be attacking a Protoceratops.

The loose page shows a Velociraptor interacting with a Protoceratops and is an association commonly referred to as “The Kissing Dinosaurs.” (Labeled Figure 2.)

An association commonly referred to as “The Kissing Dinosaurs” is depicted on the loose page, which shows a Velociraptor interacting with a Protoceratops.

Interpretation of a death assemblage (thanatocoensis) in ecological terms is tricky, because the organisms associated in the thanatocoensis may not have lived together, either in time or space.

Because the organisms associated in a death assemblage (thanatocoensis) may not have lived together, either in time or space, interpretation of the thanatocoensis in ecological terms is tricky.

Interpretation of a death assemblage (thanatocoensis) in ecological terms is not tricky, because the organisms associated in the thanatocoensis probably lived together, both in time and space.

Because the organisms associated in a death assemblage (thanatocoensis) probably lived together, both in time and space, interpretation of the thanatocoensis in ecological terms is not tricky.

Dinosaur bones and teeth probably will be absent from the fossil record of an area in which they lived if the groundwater had a pH more acidic than 5, because such acidic groundwater would have dissolved the bones and teeth.

Because groundwater with a pH more acidic than 5 will dissolve dinosaur bones and teeth, the fossil record of an area in which dinosaurs lived will probably be missing dinosaur bones and teeth if the groundwater there had a pH more acidic than 5.

When porous bones are filled with secondary minerals during fossilization it is called carbonization.

It is called carbonization when porous bones are filled with secondary minerals during fossilization.

When porous bones are filled with secondary minerals during fossilization it is called permineralization.

It is called permineralization when porous bones are filled with secondary minerals during fossilization.

The soft tissue of the feathered dinosaurs from NE China have been fossilized by carbonization.

Carbonization has preserved the soft tissue of the feathered dinosaurs from NE China.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following is a transitional (shoreline) environment?

A. Fluvial B. Desert C. both A. and B. D. Delta E. all of these

An example of a transitional (shoreline) environment is the __________ environment.

A. fluvial B. desert C. delta D. all of these E. both A. and B.

Which of the following is a continental (nonmarine) environment?

A. Delta B. Desert C. Fluvial D. all of these E. both B. and C.

Which of the following is a continental (nonmarine) environment?

A. Fluvial B. Desert C. Delta D. both A. and B. E. all of these

The _________ environment is NOT a continental (nonmarine) environment.

A. Desert B. Fluvial C. Lacustrine D. both B. and C. E. none of these

An example of an environment that is NOT a continental (nonmarine) environment is the _________ environment.

A. Lacustrine B. Fluvial C. Desert D. none of these E. both A. and B.

An example of a clastic sedimentary rock is __________.

A. Limestone B. Sandstone C. Shale D. all of these E. both B. and C.

__________ is an example of a clastic sedimentary rock.

A. Shale B. Sandstone C. Limestone D. both A. and B. E. all of these

Dinosaur jams would result from ____________ in a river at the same time.

A. two feathered carcasses B. four flattened carcasses C. many bloated carcasses D. all of these E. both A. and B.

____________ in a river at the same time might result in dinosaur jams.

A. Two feathered carcasses B. Four flattened carcasses C. both A. and B. D. Many bloated carcasses E. all of these

Which of the following would float long distances from the death site?

A. a bloated carcass B. a flattened carcass C. a feathered dinosaur D. both A. and C. E. all of these

A. a bloated carcass B. a feathered dinosaur C. a flattened carcass D. all of these E. both A. and B.

The Upper Jurassic bonebed at the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry consists of the remains of many individual predatory Allosaurus dinosaurs, which died from __________.

A. drought B. a volcanic ashfall C. being caught in a sediment trap D. all of these E. none of these

The remains of many individual predatory Allosaurus dinosaurs, which died from __________, comprise the Upper Jurassic bonebed at the Cleveland-Lloyd Quarry.

A. a volcanic ashfall B. drought C. being caught in a sediment trap D. all of these E. none of these