True-False

For a phenomenon to be considered a fact, it must be directly observed by people.

Unless people directly observe a phenomenon, it is not considered a fact.

For a phenomenon to be considered a fact, it does not have to be *directly* observed by people.

Even if people do not *directly* observe a phenomenon, it can still be considered a fact.

Hypotheses are proved by scientific methods.

Scientific methods prove hypotheses.

Hypotheses can be disproved by scientific methods.

Scientific methods can disprove hypotheses.

Scientific methods prove hypotheses.

Hypotheses are proved by scientific methods.

Scientists are generally hesitant to publish in the popular press before their results have been subjected to peer review.

Unless their results have been subjected to peer review, scientists are generally hesitant to publish in the popular press.

Scientists are generally eager to publish in the popular press before their results have been subjected to peer review.

Even before their results have been subjected to peer review, scientists are generally eager to publish in the popular press.

The discovery of Archaeopteryx two years after publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in which he predicted such transitional forms between major taxa, was a most effective and powerful confirmation of his hypothesis.

A most effective and powerful confirmation of his hypothesis was the discovery of Archaeopteryx two years after publication of Charles Darwin’s On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, in which he predicted such transitional forms between major taxa.

A theory is a hypothesis or set of related hypotheses that has/have withstood repeated testing to the point of widespread acceptance by the scientific community.

A hypothesis or set of related hypotheses that has/have withstood repeated testing to the point of widespread acceptance by the scientific community is called a theory.

In statistics, the sum of all values divided by the number of values is called the mean or average.

The sum of all values divided by the number of values is called the mean or average in statistics.

Dinosaur fossils are not worth very much money.

Multiple Choice

Which of the following people might be considered to peer review a scientific paper describing the geologic setting where dinosaur fossils were found and some of the dinosaurs found there for publication in a scientific journal?

A. you B. the janitor in your apartment building C. a dinosaur paleontologist

D. a geologist specializing in facies analysis E. both C. and D.

For the purpose of peer reviewing a scientific paper describing the geologic setting where dinosaur fossils were found and some of the dinosaurs found there for publication in a scientific journal, which of the following people might be considered?

A. a dinosaur paleontologist B. a geologist specializing in facies analysis C. you

D. the janitor in your apartment building E. both A. and B.

A ______________________________ is a hypothesis or set of related hypotheses that has/have withstood repeated testing to the point of widespread acceptance by the scientific community.

A hypothesis or set of related hypotheses that has/have withstood repeated testing to the point of widespread acceptance by

the scientific community is called a ______________________________.

Fill in the Blank

The sum of all values divided by the number of values is called the ______________________________ in statistics.

In statistics, the sum of all values divided by the number of values is called the _____________________________.